利物浦足球俱乐部历史
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
利物浦足球俱乐部是英格蘭其中最成功的足球隊之一，具有長遠而詳盡的歷史。
[编辑] 早期歷史成立於1878年的埃弗顿自1884年已使用安菲尔德球场作為主場球場。在1891年，安菲尔德的租務代理約翰賀定（John Houlding）購入球場業權，隨即將租金由1884年的100英鎊增加到1890年的250英鎊。埃弗顿的會員決定離開安菲尔德，於1892年遷移到新建成就在鄰近的古迪逊公园球場。只有三名球員留在安菲尔德，留給約翰賀定一個沒有球隊比賽的空蕩蕩球場，約翰賀定決定成立一支屬於自己的球隊，於1892年3月15日利物浦足球俱乐部正式成立。約翰賀定委任老友約翰麥堅拿（John McKenna）為球隊總監（即現時的領隊），北上蘇格蘭為新球隊招聘13名職業球員，由於13人中有8位姓氏以「麥」（"Mc"）為首，故此被戲稱為「老麥球隊」（"the team of the Macs"）。 由於被拒加入足球聯盟，於1892年9月1日主場友賽以7-1擊敗罗瑟勒姆镇（Rotherham Town F.C.）後，利物浦在蘭開夏郡聯賽（Lancashire League）展開其精彩的競逐歷史，首場在主場8-0大勝瓦尔顿（Higher Walton），马尔科姆·麦克维安（Malcolm McVean）射入首個正式比賽入球。在第一個球季結束時利物浦成為聯賽冠軍，更於1893年在利物浦高級盃（Liverpool Senior Cup）決賽以1-0擊敗埃弗顿，贏得首次默西塞德郡德比的勝利。利物浦與活域治阿森纳一同獲選加入足球聯盟乙組聯賽。 麦克维安在2-0擊敗米杜士堡艾仁奴普里斯（Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C.）中射入首個聯賽入球，以整季不敗成為當季乙組聯賽冠軍，再在選拔賽中以2-0擊敗紐頓希夫（Newton Heath，其後改名曼联），獲得升上甲組聯賽。 Upon the arrival of manager Tom Watson, a 3-time-championship-winner at 桑德兰, the strip changed from blue and white quarters to the famous red and white, and in 1901年 蘇格蘭 international Alex Raisbeck was the first Liverpool captain to collect the Football League championship. League champions again in 1906年, when Everton also won the 足總盃, the ground capacity was increased with the building of a huge cinder bank behind the south end goal. It was christened the Spion Kop after a 布尔战争 battle of 1900年 when over 300 men of the Lancashire Regiment died, many from Liverpool. Liverpool played their first 足總盃 final, the last at Crystal Palace, and the first attended by the reigning monarch, 乔治五世, losing 0-1 to 伯恩利in 1914年. However, the club were also involved in the 1915 British football betting scandal, one of the earliest match-fixing scandals which saw four Liverpool players banned, although the bans were rescinded in 1919. Liverpool soon bounced back; in 1921-2 and again in 1922-3, captained by 英格蘭 full-back Ephraim Longworth, Liverpool were champions. In 1946-7年球季, the first season after the 第二次世界大戰, Liverpool were surprise League champions. In 1950年 the club lost its second FA Cup final, 0-2 to Arsenal at 温布利. [编辑] 比尔·香克利年代 （1959-1974年）贏得錦標：歐洲足協盃（1973年）、聯賽冠軍（1964年、1966年、1973年）、足總盃（1965年、1974年） In January 1959 Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup by non-League Worcester City. By November manager 菲尔·泰勒 had resigned. 比尔·香克利 became Liverpool manager in December 1959 and over the next 15 years he transformed them into one of the top club sides in Europe. Within a year he had released twenty four players. Fellow Scots Ian St John and Ron Yeats were signed from Motherwell and Dundee United respectively. Striker Roger Hunt, winger Ian Callaghan and full back Gerry Byrne also established themselves in the team. By the beginning of 1961-62 Shankly had assembled the nucleus of the new team. That season, Shankly's third season as manager, they duly won the Second Division championship by eight points and were promoted to the top flight where they have remained ever since, never finishing below eighth in the league. In 1964, Liverpool lifted the League Championship. It was also the year in which the team adopted its now famous all red strip. They failed to retain the championship trophy the following season but compensation came in the form of a first-ever FA Cup (a 2-1 Final win over Leeds United). Their first ever European Cup campaign ended at the semi-final stage against Inter Milan. In a tie still remembered on Merseyside, Liverpool won the first leg 3-1 only to lose the second leg 3-0, going out 4-3 on aggregate. The following year Liverpool regained the championship. They also reached the European Cup Winners Cup Final - losing 2-1 to Borussia Dortmund. By now Shankly was one of the most highly rated managers in the game and his squad contained some of the finest players in England. Despite this success Shankly was already planning further signings. Future internationals Emlyn Hughes, Ray Clemence and Kevin Keegan were signed from clubs in the lower divisions as the 60s team was gradually dismantled. Liverpool won their first European trophy in 1973 in the UEFA Cup, as well as winning another league title that season. The UEFA Cup Final appeared over after the first leg with Liverpool 3-0 winners. However, German team Borussia Moenchengladbach fought back in the second leg to win 2-0, giving Liverpool a narrow 3-2 aggregate victory. They won the FA Cup again a year later with a convincing 3-0 final win over Newcastle United. Shankly stunned the footballing world soon afterwards by announcing his retirement. The club's players and fans tried to persuade him to carry on, and a local factory even threatened to go on strike. Shankly ignored these pleas and joined the club's fans on The Kop as a spectator, while he handed over his managerial duties to Bob Paisley. [编辑] 鲍勃·佩斯利年代（1974-1983年）贏得錦標：歐洲冠軍盃（1977年、1978年、1981年）、歐洲足協盃（1976年）、聯賽冠軍（1976年、1977年、1979年、1980年、1982年、1983年）、 聯賽盃（1981年、1982年、1983年）
Shankly's 55-year-old assistant Bob Paisley, was promoted to the position of manager for the 1974-75 season after failing to persuade his predecessor to carry on. Paisley was manager of Liverpool from 1974 until 1983, and during those nine years he became one of the most successful managers ever to take charge of an English club. His one and only season without winning a trophy was his first, 1974-75. His second season brought the first of six league titles. In 1977 the championship was retained and the team won the European Cup for the first time in its history. The final in Rome was won 3-1 over old foes Borussia Moenchengladbach in what was Kevin Keegan's final game for the club. The European Cup was retained the following year with a 1-0 win in the final against FC Bruges. The goal was created by future captain Graeme Souness and scored by Keegan's replacement Kenny Dalglish.
A defeat to Manchester City on Boxing Day 1981 saw Liverpool drop to eleventh place but a string of victories brought the title back to Anfield. The League Cup was also retained. The emerging star of that campaign was Welsh striker Ian Rush. It was more of the same the following year with both the league championship and League Cup being retained. Of Liverpool's eight league defeats that year, five were recorded after the title was already won. Eventually, the league was won by eleven points. The big question for fans at the conclusion of that season was who would replace Bob Paisley. Before retiring he won a total of twenty-one trophies, including three European Cups, a UEFA Cup, six league titles and three consecutive League Cups during his spell as manager. Under Paisley, a new era of stars emerged. They included Graeme Souness, Ian Rush, Alan Hansen and Kenny Dalglish. [编辑] 乔·费根年代（1983-1985年）
贏得錦標：歐洲冠軍盃（1984年）、聯賽冠軍（1984年）、聯賽盃（1984年） Veteran coach Joe Fagan moved up to the manager's seat, aged 63, upon Paisley's retirement, and his first season at the helm saw Liverpool become the first English club to win three major trophies in a single season - the league title, the League Cup and the European Cup. He remained in charge for just two seasons before handing in his retirement, but his first season (1983-84) saw Liverpool set some of the most impressive records in English football. They won their fourth successive League Cup and their third successive League Championship as well as winning the European Cup for the fourth time in eight seasons, thanks to the efforts of Fagan and his high quality squad which was mostly made up of players from the Bob Paisley era. A significant breakthrough star in the Liverpool team was young striker Ian Rush, who had been signed from Chester in 1980 and after a couple of seasons in the reserves had broken into the first team and established himself as a prolific goalscorer. In Fagan's second and final season as manager, Liverpool lost out on the league title to local rivals Everton - with four matches to spare. They reached the European Cup final to face Italian champions Juventus at the decrepit Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium. Before kick-off, a violent rampage by Liverpool supporters resulted in the death of 39 people who were crushed to death when a wall collapsed. The shockwaves from this reverberated round European football and lead to UEFA banning all English teams from European competitions until 1990. Fagan retired after the Heysel Disaster and handed over the reins to former Liverpool striker Kenny Dalglish, who was given the role of player-manager. He died at the age of 80 in July 2001 after a long illness. [编辑] 肯尼·达格利什年代（1985-1991年）贏得錦標：聯賽冠軍（1986年、1988年、1990年）、足總盃（1986年、1989年）- 期間球隊被禁止所有歐洲比賽 Fagan handed over the reins to striker Kenny Dalglish, who had established himself as a world class player and now wanted to prove himself as a manager. His first season in charge as Liverpool's first player-manager - 1985-86 - could not have been better, as the Reds fought off competition from Everton, West Ham United and Manchester United to win the league title. They also beat neighbours Everton 3-1 in the F.A Cup final to become only the third team to win the league championship/F.A Cup double in the twentieth century. Dalglish was still a top striker despite his advancing years, and his partnership with Ian Rush was the most prolific in the English league. 1986-87 was trophyless as Liverpool finished league runners-up to Everton and lost to Arsenal in the League Cup final. Pundits were predicting further disappointment for the following season when star striker Ian Rush was sold to Juventus in a £3.2 million deal. Rush's £750,000 successor John Aldridge silenced the critics by topping the club's goalscoring charts in the 1987-88 season and inspiring the Reds to another championship success - Liverpool won the First Division Championship by nine points from runners-up Manchester United and suffered just two league defeats all season. New winger John Barnes was credited with the Player of the Year Award. The downside of the season was a shock 1-0 defeat at the hands of Wimbledon in the F.A Cup final. Liverpool had by this stage been one of the world's strongest clubs for more than twenty years. Wimbledon, meanwhile, had been First Division members for just two seasons and had only joined the league eleven years earlier. Ian Rush returned to Liverpool for the 1988-89 season, after an unsuccessful spell at Juventus. Liverpool came close to repeating the double once more in 1988-89. They lifted the FA Cup with another victory over Everton in the final, but the league title slipped out of their grasp in the last minute of their last game of the season. At home to Arsenal, Michael Thomas, who later joined Liverpool, scored at the death to give the league title to the visitors - while the two teams ended the season with the same number of points and an identical goal difference, the Gunners had scored more goals. In any case, the season was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster, which had struck the club in the FA Cup semi-final. On 15 April 1989, when Liverpool were playing Nottingham Forest in an FA Cup semi-final, hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing.[2] Ninety-four fans died that day and a ninety-fifth fan died in hospital from his injuries four days later. A ninety-sixth fan died nearly four years later never having regained consciousness. The Taylor Report later ruled that the main reasons for the disaster were overcrowding due to a failure of police control.[3] In 1989-90, Dalglish guided Liverpool to their third league title in five seasons. Although the 5 year ban on English clubs in European competition was lifted for the following season, Liverpool had to serve an extra year and were unable to compete in the 1990-91 European Cup. On February 22, 1991, with Liverpool halfway through a two-horse race with Arsenal for the league title and the day after an epic 4-4 FA Cup clash with Everton (a game which saw their rivals come back from a goal down 4 times), Kenny Dalglish dropped a bombshell by handing in his resignation as manager, claiming he could no longer cope with the pressure of managing the club. First-team coach Ronnie Moran took charge of team affairs for several weeks before Graeme Souness was named as the club's new manager. By that stage, Liverpool were slipping behind in the title race and finished runners-up to Arsenal who completed the season with just one defeat from 38 games. [编辑] 格雷姆·索内斯年代（1991-1994年）贏得錦標：足總盃（1992年） Graeme Souness had a reasonable start to his career as Liverpool manager. His first season saw the club win the FA Cup with a 2-0 win over Sunderland at Wembley, a success which ensured they would be competing in the European Cup Winners Cup for the 1992-93 season. He sold many good players and spent recklessly on expensive new players who did not all prove to be successful, especially compared to younger players like Robbie Fowler, Steve McManaman and Jamie Redknapp. The veteran striker Ian Rush meanwhile, was still scoring goals as freely as ever despite being in his thirties. Long-serving goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar was often being kept out of the team by promising young shot-stopper David James. Liverpool finished sixth in the first-ever FA Premier League and never looked like title challengers at any stage during the season. The 1993-94 season was no different and Souness resigned in January 1994 after Liverpool suffered a shock defeat against Bristol City in the FA Cup. During his tenure as Liverpool manager, Graeme Souness suffered from heart problems. This indirectly led to him falling out of favour with Liverpool fans as he sold the story of his recovery to The Sun. The Sun has long been boycotted by people from Merseyside (regardless of footballing allegiance) due to its reporting of the Hillsborough disaster. [编辑] 罗伊·埃文斯年代（1994-1998年）贏得錦標：聯賽盃（1995年） "Boot room" veteran Roy Evans took over from Souness. Evans had been on the club's pay roll since the late 1950s. He guided Liverpool to an eighth place finish in the 1993-94 Premier League campaign, young striker Robbie Fowler scoring 29 goals in all competitions which led to him being voted PFA Young Player of the Year. In his first full season (1994-95) Liverpool finished fourth in the Premiership and won the League Cup, beating Bolton Wanderers 2-1 in the final. In the summer of 1995, Liverpool paid Nottingham Forest a British record fee of £8.5 million for striker Stan Collymore. Fowler and Collymore formed an impressive partnership for the 1995-96 season which saw veteran striker Ian Rush relegated to the substitute bench for much of the season before his departure on a free transfer to Leeds United. Liverpool continued to progress that season, being within a shout of the domestic double right up to the final few weeks of the season. But they finished third in the Premiership, eleven points behind champions Manchester United, seven behind runners-up Newcastle, and lost 1-0 to Man United in the FA Cup final. Still, Liverpool were recognised as a top team once again, and were starting to attract top players once more, to aid a talented group of young stars like Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler and Jamie Redknapp, who were peaking. Liverpool led the Premiership at several stages during the 1996-97 season, but in the end they finished fourth and had to settle for a UEFA Cup place. They had been hoping to win the Cup Winners Cup for the first time, but lost to Paris St Germain in the semi finals. The squad's off the field lad culture excesses and underachievement tag on it had also resulted in the team getting derogatorily labelled as the 'Spice Boys'. 1997-98 saw Liverpool finish third in the Premiership for the second time in four years where they finished fourth on both other occasions. Though the critics had accused them as being 'nearly men' again, the highlight of the club's season was the emergence of young striker Michael Owen. Owen became the Premiership's equal top scorer in 1998 with eighteen goals and became the youngest full England international at the time. He was also awarded the PFA Young Player of the Year Award. [编辑] 热拉尔·乌利耶年代（1998-2004年）贏得錦標：歐洲足協盃（2001年）、足總盃（2001年）、聯賽盃（2001年、2003年）、歐洲超級盃（2001年） Gérard Houllier, the former French national coach, was drafted into the Liverpool management team for the 1998-99 season to work alongside Roy Evans. But Evans found that the partnership did not suit him and he quit during the season, at the end of which Liverpool finished a disappointing seventh - not even enough for a UEFA Cup place. 2000-01 was Liverpool's best season for many years. The likes of Owen, Fowler, Steven Gerrard and Sami Hyypiä contributed to the club's third place in the Premiership (thus qualifying for the Champions League) as well as completing a unique treble of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup, followed by the FA Community Shield and European Super Cup later in 2001. The League Cup was won by beating Birmingham City on penalties after a 1-1 draw, the FA Cup by beating Arsenal 2-1 with two goals from Michael Owen in the last ten minutes and the UEFA Cup by beating Alavés, in an extraordinary game, 5-4 in extra time. This feat made Liverpool the first club in English football to achieve two 'trebles' of any kind. By now, Liverpool's side contained a new set of players including goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek, defender and captain Sami Hyypiä, young midfielder Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen's strike partner Emile Heskey. Liverpool finished Premiership runners-up in 2001-02, their best league finish since 1991, but suffered a humiliating defeat in the League Cup Third Round at the hands of Grimsby Town. 2001 was also dramatic for Houllier personally as he suffered a major heart problem which kept him away from the club for part of the season. Liverpool won another League Cup in 2003 but Houllier had again failed to deliver the league title, in fact finishing thirty points behind the champions Arsenal. Although Liverpool qualified for the Champions League by finishing fourth (making three qualifications during his tenure), fans saw Houllier's conservative and defensive tactics as sacrificing too much attacking impetus to challenge Arsenal and Manchester United for the title. During this period Liverpool had their longest streak of not winning any games in the top flight. Against a background of growing disquiet amongst the Liverpool supporters Houllier and Liverpool parted by mutual consent at the end of the 2003-04 season, his replacement being the Spaniard Rafael Benítez who had just guided Valencia to the Spanish league title and UEFA Cup. [编辑] 拉法埃尔·贝尼特斯年代（2004年—）(Honours won: UEFA Champions League (2005), UEFA Super Cup (2005), FA Cup (2006))
瓦伦西亚 的拉法埃尔·贝尼特斯 从霍利尔手上接过教鞭。拉法埃尔·贝尼特斯率领瓦伦西亚刚刚赢得了他个人第2个西班牙甲级联赛冠军以及 欧洲联盟杯冠军。虽然，利物浦以让人失望的第5名结束了联赛的征程。 然而，利物浦却以一个令人吃惊的结局结束了整个赛季的比赛。他们在伊斯坦布尔赢得了他们第5个欧洲冠军杯。在四分之一决赛淘汰了夺冠热门尤文图斯之后，他们在半决赛第2个回合中凭借路易斯 加西亚一个极具争议的进球击败了本国死敌切尔西。许多电视重播录像都无法证实那个球否越过了球门线。 红军在决赛中遇到了夺冠超级热门意大利俱乐部A.C.米兰。利物浦上半场便以0比3落后，但是他们在下半场连进3球完成了惊天大逆转，并且把比赛拖入到最后的点球大战。 凭借波兰门将杜德克的出色发挥赢得了点球大战。这个欧洲冠军杯确保利物浦队长史蒂夫 杰拉德在传出了转会切尔西和皇家马德里的绯闻后，最终选择留在队中。 Although they were the current champions Liverpool were in danger of not being able to defend their title. The England’s Leagues high UEFA ranking allows the maximum number of teams, four, to be entered into the Champions League competition. In the 2004-05 season, five English teams had qualified under then existing UEFA guidelines for the Champions League competition: Chelsea, Arsenal, Manchester United, and Everton, who had finished in places first to fourth place respectively in the Premier League, and Liverpool, who had won the competition. UEFA regulations stipulated that the choice of which team to be excluded fell to The Football Association. The FA chose to exclude Liverpool in favour of fourth-place finishers, Everton. This highly-unusual situation was eventually resolved by UEFA, which added Liverpool to the first qualifying round of the 2005-06 event. UEFA created an automatic berth for every subsequent Champions League and UEFA Cup title-holder. For more details of Liverpool’s entry into the 2005-06 competition, see Liverpool FC’s 2005-06 Champions League Qualification. After a solid run through qualifying and the group stage, Liverpool's defence of the Champions League title ended in the last sixteen in March 2006, being knocked out 3-0 on aggregate by the unfancied Portuguese side, Benfica. As the UEFA Champions League 2005 winners, Liverpool competed in the 2005 European Super Cup, beating CSKA Moscow 3-1 AET. Liverpool also earned the right as European Champions to represent UEFA in the FIFA Club World Championship 2005 held in Japan. Liverpool met São Paulo in the final where the game was decided by a single goal scored by São Paulo midfielder Mineiro. During the match, three Liverpool goals were ruled offside. After starting their FA Cup run against Luton with a 5-3 victory, Benitez's side broke an 85-year jinx [4] by beating Manchester United 1-0 in at Anfield on 18 February 2006, their first victory over their arch-rivals in the competition since 1921. The quarter final tie, away to Birmingham City F.C., saw Benitez's highest scoring result with the Reds winning 7-0, this result was also Liverpool's biggest away win in the FA Cup. On 22 April 2006, Liverpool defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the semi-finals, with John Arne Riise and Luis Garcia scoring to reach the FA Cup final to face West Ham United. This was the 13th time Liverpool had reached an FA Cup final.
In 2005-06 Liverpool also gathered 82 points in the Premiership [6] - their highest points total since 1988 and the largest number of points achieved by a team in third position. Liverpool's 2006–07 season began with a 2-1 victory over defending premiership champions Chelsea to win the Community Shield. Although knocked out of the FA Cup and League Cup by humiliating back-to-back defeats to Arsenal FC, Benitez guided Liverpool to the 2006-07 UEFA Champions League final after defeating Chelsea 4-1 on penalties in the semi final after a 1-1 aggregate score, once again thanks to Pepe Reina's heroics both in the match and the shootout of the second leg. Liverpool will now meet AC Milan in a rematch of the 2005 Champions League game to be played in Athens, Greece on the May 23rd. [编辑] 外資收購In December 2006 Liverpool FC announced that the investment group, DIC, were considering buying out the club. They completed their due-diligence of the club and the offer of £450 million was convincing to the public that this was nearly a done-deal. Subsequently George Gillett and Tom Hicks, both US tycoons, made an improved offer which saw Dubai Investment Capital pull out completely almost immediately afterwards. The Chief Executive of Liverpool FC Rick Parry, said the club "felt bullied" by DIC and did not want to make a decision to sell the club too quickly.[7] On February 6th 2007 at 14:00hrs GMT, George Gillett, owner of the Montreal Canadiens and Tom Hicks, owner of the Dallas Stars and the Texas Rangers respectively, took control of Liverpool FC in a deal worth £470 million. [8] The Liverpool board of directors were unanimous and advised shareholders and Chairman David Moores (with his 51% stronghold) to accept the offer of £175 million. The deal also included £45 million of club debt and £215 million for the new stadium proposed for Stanley Park, with building expected to begin within 60 days. In the same press conference the new owners commented that the new stadium could sell naming-rights should it allow them added funds to bring in "one great player" a season. [9][10] [编辑] 門將The club has had more than its fair share of notable goalkeepers. Matt McQueen, one of the original ‘team of the Macs’ who played in Liverpool's very first game, appeared in every position including goalkeeper and managed the club from 1923-28. Scotsman Ted Doig signed from Sunderland in 1904, and is still the club's oldest debutant at 37 years 11 months. Sam Hardy, acquired from Chesterfield in 1905, played 219 games and became an England international. In 1912 he was replaced by Scottish international Kenny Campbell, who played in the 1914 FA Cup final. In March 1920 the opposing keepers in an international at Celtic Park were Liverpool’s Kenny Campbell (Scotland) and Elisha Scott (Ireland). The great Elisha Scott kept goal in 402 league games from 1913 until 1934. A Belfast man, he was known for his distinctive long johns and knee pads, his agility, command of the penalty area, and his profanity. This often led to admonishment from skipper Jimmy "Parson" Jackson, a devout Presbyterian and later an ordained minister. Tommy Younger captained Scotland at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. Shankly's fellow Scot Tommy Lawrence, christened "The Flying Pig", was the first of the "keeper sweepers". Ray Clemence, three times a European Cup winner, and twice a UEFA Cup winner, was one of the finest English goalkeepers of all time. Bruce Grobbelaar, a showman and an eccentric Zimbabwean , made hair-raising dashes from his penalty area, not always successfully. His finest moment was the penalty shoot-out of the 1984 European Cup final in Rome. His wobbly legs antics distracted the Roma players, two of whom missed. He was also implicated in allegations of "match fixing" which led to two criminal trials which failed to convict him, and a libel trial against The Sun newspaper where the Appeal Court overturned a jury verdict in his favour and reduced a damages' award from £85,000 to £1 and left Grobbelaar liable for £500,000 in legal costs which bankrupted him. Current goalie Pepe Reina has also made impressive records so far. In the 2005-2006 season (his first), Reina was awarded the Premier League's golden Gloves award for keeping 20 clean sheets, ahead of Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar (18) and Chelsea's Petr Čech (17). He kept a total of 30 clean sheets in all competitions in that season. [编辑] 榮譽編年表
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