卡尔马联盟
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卡尔马联盟（丹麦语/瑞典语/挪威语：Kalmarunionen，1397年-1524年），亦作卡尔马联合或卡尔马同盟，是14世纪末至16世纪初由丹麦、瑞典(包括部份的芬蘭)和挪威(包括冰島及格陵蘭)组成的斯堪的纳维亚共主邦联。1397年6月在瑞典卡爾馬城結成的斯堪的那維亞国家共主邦聯，挪威、瑞典和丹麥三個王國共同拥戴一個君主[1]。各國交出其主權，但無損各自的獨立地位及分歧的利益。不過從1430年代開始，瑞典貴族對於丹麥及霍爾斯坦在管治中所佔的主導地位大為不滿，成為了聯盟繼續的阻礙，並引起糾紛。到了1523年瑞典贵族古斯塔夫·瓦萨成為了瑞典國王後，聯盟瓦解。卡爾馬聯盟在翌年正式結束，從玛格丽特一世開始，歷任5位君主及12位攝政官，合共93年；但挪威及其海外屬地仍然繼續以丹麥-挪威的名義繼續由奧登堡王朝管治多個世紀，直到雙方結束聯盟關係。
[编辑] 聯盟成立
The union was the work of Queen Margaret of Norway (1353–1412), a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. At the age of ten, she was married to King Haakon VI of Norway. Margaret succeeded in having their son Olav recognized as heir to the throne of Denmark. In 1376 Olav inherited the crown of Denmark from his maternal grandfather as King Oluf III, with his mother as guardian. When Haakon VI died in 1380, Olav also inherited the crown of Norway. The two kingdoms were united in a personal union under a child king, with the king's mother as his guardian. Before Olav came of age and could take over the government, he died in 1387. Margaret made the Danish Council of the Realm elect her as regent of Denmark, but she could not assume the title of queen. Next year she was also recognized as regent of Norway, on February 2, 1388. She adopted her sister's grandson Bogislav, a son of prince Vartislav of Pomerania, and gave him the more Nordic name Erik. She manoeuvred to have the Norwegian Council recognize him as heir to the throne of Norway[2], in spite of his not being first in the line of succession, and he was installed as king of Norway in 1389, still with Margaret as his guardian. In Sweden, this was a time of conflict between king Albert of Mecklenburg and leaders of the nobility. Albrecht's enemies in 1388 elected Margaret as regent in the parts of Sweden that they controlled, and promised her assistance in conquering the rest of the country. Their common enemy was the Hanseatic league and the growing German influence over the Scandinavian economy.[3] After Danish and Swedish troops in 1389 defeated the Swedish king, Albert of Mecklenburg, and he subsequently failed to pay the required tribute of 60,000 silver marks within three years after his release [4], her position in Sweden was secured. The three Nordic kingdoms were united under a common regent. Margaret promised to protect the political influence and privileges of the nobility under the union. Her grandnephew Erik, already king of Norway since 1389, succeeded to the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1396. The Nordic union was formalized on June 17 1397 by the Treaty of Kalmar, signed in the Swedish castle of Kalmar, close to the Danish border. The treaty stipulated an eternal union of the three realms under one king, who was to be chosen among the sons of the deceased king. They were to be governed separately, together with the respective councils, and according to their ancient laws, but foreign policy was to be conducted by the king. At Kalmar, the 15 year old Eric of Pomerania was crowned king of all three kingdoms by the archbishops of Denmark and Sweden, but Margaret managed to remain in control until her death in 1412. 1397年6月17日，丹麦、瑞典和挪威的代表在瑞典南部城市卡尔马举行会议，决定三个王国共同拥戴丹麦女王玛格丽特一世为君主和摄政者，即挪威和瑞典国王由丹麦国王兼任。丹麦王室成为三国的统治者。同时瑞典和挪威仍然保留了王国的地位。丹麦王室总揽三国的外交和国防事务，各国内政则保持独立。 但是，在联盟时期，丹麦国王并不总是可以兼任瑞典摄政或国王，如瑞典国王卡尔八世在位时期。在这些间隙里，瑞典的实际统治者通常是从本国贵族中选出的摄政官。三国的联盟把整个北欧地区置于一个国王的统治下，有利于北欧国家对抗德意志汉萨同盟在波罗的海和北海的贸易垄断地位。 [编辑] 歷史[编辑] 沿由1380年，玛格丽特一世让她的(1)儿子(2)外孙、波美拉尼亚的埃里克任挪威国王。原挪威属地格陵兰岛、冰岛和法罗群岛从此开始受丹麦统治。在此期间，丹麦为打破汉萨同盟对波罗的海贸易支配继续对外扩张，经过长期战争吞并了德意志的石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因。联盟初期，玛格丽特一世的怀柔手段使丹麦王室受到各国贵族的拥戴，但后来丹麦王室不断企图控制挪威和瑞典的内政事务，导致联盟的离心离德。 14至16世纪，丹麦为了打破汉萨同盟对波罗的海贸易活动的支配而进行了一系列战争。 丹麦奥登堡王朝的克里斯蒂安一世取得了德意志地区石勒苏益格和荷尔施泰因的统治权。15世纪末，丹麦王室和瑞典贵族的矛盾激化，反对联盟的冲突不断爆发。克里斯蒂安二世于1520年率兵攻占了被瑞典反对派贵族控制的瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩，并且杀害了大批参与起义的瑞典贵族。1521年瑞典贵族古斯塔夫·瓦萨在达拉纳省重新招募了一支反抗丹麦的军队。1523年，古斯塔夫·瓦萨在汉萨同盟的帮助下攻入斯德哥尔摩，丹麦军队战败，瑞典恢复独立。 克里斯蒂安二世(1513—1523年在位)于1520年亲率重兵攻克被瑞典独立派占领的瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩，并且屠杀了大批参与叛乱的瑞典贵族，引发了达拉纳省起义，1523年丹麦军队被瑞典贵族古斯塔夫·瓦萨击败，瑞典恢复独立。 瑞典恢复独立后，卡尔马联盟已经瓦解，但丹麦和挪威仍然维持着联盟国家。1534年挪威被取消王国的地位，降为丹麦的省。17世纪，瑞典为争夺波罗的海霸权不断与丹麦交战。1658年，瑞典最终收复了斯堪的纳维亚半岛上长期被丹麦占领的南部沿海地区。1809年，俄罗斯帝国兼并了瑞典统治下的芬兰。拿破仑战争后，根据1814年基尔条约，丹麦将挪威转让给瑞典。经过了短暂的武装抵抗，挪威成为瑞典国王统治下的王国。1905年，挪威以和平的方式从瑞典独立。1944年，冰岛脱离丹麦独立。法罗群岛和格陵兰至今仍为丹麦领地。 1534年挪威被取消王国的地位，降为丹麦的一个省，由丹麦副王和官吏统治。17世纪，瑞典为争夺波罗的海霸权和对挪威的宗主权同丹麦交战。丹麦失利，将挪威割让给瑞典。1645年丹麦归还了耶姆特兰郡和海德尔峡湾，1658年瑞典最终收复了割让南部沿海的斯堪奈省，布胡斯兰郡。1814年，根据基尔条约，挪威成为瑞典国王统治下的王国。1905年挪威从瑞典独立。 [编辑] 附註
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