原始迦南文系譜

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Nearly all the segmental scripts ("alphabets", but see below for more precise terminology) used around the globe were apparently derived from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. This includes the alphabet this is written in (the Latin alphabet) — forms of which are used today to write numerous languages — but also such disparate cousins as the writing systems of Hebrew, Arabic, both Germanic and Hungarian runes, Ethiopic, Devanagari writing of India, the native scripts of the Philippines and Indonesia, and perhaps Cree 'syllabics' and Korean hangul. There are also true syllabic systems derived only superficially from these alphabets, such as Cherokee.

Image:Language travel from India.png

Spread of Proto-Sinaitic writing systems from India to Eastern Asia. Note that 'Nepali' on the map is not the Nepali language or its script; also the spread of Siddham is not associated with the evolution of Chinese or Japanese writing systems.

The first Middle Bronze Age alphabets were adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphs. A possibly independent alphabet, the Meroitic alphabet, was also adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphs, and therefore may be a cousin to the Proto-Sinaitic family.

Notes: The dates are intended to show the approximate 'birthdate' of a script; however in many cases (marked by 'c.') they are widely approximate, and may be off even by centuries. In several cases, the development of one script into another was a gradual process over several centuries, that is difficult to pin down with precision. Following that, in parentheses, is the name of one or two modern countries corresponding to the region where the script was first widely used. In a few cases, a direct graphic letter-to-letter correspondence cannot be precisely established between a 'parent script' and its children, making the exact placement of some family members somewhat controversial, eg. in the case of the Tibetan or Georgian alphabets. Much of the information here was compiled from the "Ancient Scripts" and "Omniglot" websites, which do not always agree. Despite many of these scripts commonly being called "alphabets", the recent linguistic classifications of abugidas and semi-syllabaries are shown in Italic; the others are abjads or alphabets proper. Many of these scripts are no longer widely used for writing any language today, having been abandoned in favor of others; those that still are, have been marked with '*' .

[编辑] 系譜

0. Wadi el-Ħôl to Proto-Sinaitic - c. 2000 BC (埃及)
- 1. Ugaritic abjad - c. 1200 BC (敍利亞)
- 2. Proto-Canaanite abjad - c. 1200 BC (以色列)
  - 2.1. Phoenician / Palaeo-Hebrew abjad - c. 1000 BC (黎巴嫩、以色列)
    - 2.1.1. Aramaic abjad - c. 900 BC (敍利亞)
      - 2.1.1.1. 婆罗米文字 - c. 500 BC (印度北部)
        
        2.1.1.1.1. 占城字母 - c. 200 AD (越南南部、柬埔寨) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2. Gupta abugida - c. 400 AD (印度北部)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1. 悉昙字母 - c. 600 (印度北部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2. 藏文 - c. 650 (西藏) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1. 八思巴字 - 1269 (蒙古、中国、维吾尔)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1.1. 谚文 - 1442 (朝鮮、韩国) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2. Lepcha abugida - c. 1700 (不丹) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.1. Limbu abugida - c. 1740 (錫金) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2. Nagari abugida - c. 750 (印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1. 孟加拉文 - c. 1050 (印度東部、孟加拉) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1.1. Oriya abugida - c. 1100 (印度東部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2. Devanagari abugida - c. 1100 (印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.1. Newari / Ranjana abugida - c. 1150 (尼泊爾) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.2. Modi abugida - c. 1600 (印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.3. Gujarati abugida - c. 1500 (印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.4. Soyombo abugida - c. 1686 (蒙古) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.5. Cree abugida - 1841 (加拿大) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.3. Sharada abugida - c. 770 (巴基斯坦)
        
        Gurmukhi abugida - c. 1539 (巴基斯坦、印度北部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3. Pallava abugida - c. 400 (印度南部)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1. 高棉文 - c. 600 (柬埔寨) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1.1. 泰文 - 1283 (泰國) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1.1.1. 老挝文 - c. 1350 (老撾) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.2. Mon abugida - c. 700 (緬甸) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.2.1. 缅甸文 - c. 1050 (緬甸) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3. Old Kawi abugida - c. 775 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.1. Balinese abugida - c. 1000 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.2. Batak abugida - c. 1300 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.3. Baybayin abugida - c. 1350 (菲律賓)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.4. Buhid abugida - c. 1400 (菲律賓)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.5. Hanunóo abugida - c. 1400 (菲律賓)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.6. Tagbanwa abugida - c. 1400 (菲律賓)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.7. Buginese abugida - c. 1600 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.8. Kaganga abugida - ? (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.4. Kadamba abugida - c. 450 (印度南部)
        
        2.1.1.1.4.1. Kannada abugida - c. 1500 (印度南部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.4.2. Telugu abugida - c. 1500 (印度南部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.5. Kalinga abugida - c. 500 (印度東部)
        
        2.1.1.1.6. Grantha abugida - c. 500 (印度南部)
        
        2.1.1.1.6.1. 僧迦罗文 - c. 700 (斯里蘭卡) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.1.1. Dhives Akuru abugida - c. 1100 (馬爾代夫)
        
        2.1.1.1.6.2. 泰米尔文 - c. 700 (印度、斯里蘭卡) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.2.1. Sourashtra abugida - c. 1900 (印度南部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.3. Malayalam abugida - c. 1100 (印度南部) *
        
        2.1.1.1.7. Tocharian abugida - c. 500
        
        2.1.1.1.8. Ahom abugida - c. 1250 AD (印度東部)
      - 2.1.1.2. 希伯来文 - c. 300 BC (以色列) *
      - 2.1.1.3. Pahlavi / Middle Persian abjad - c. 250 BC (伊朗)
        
        2.1.1.3.1. Psalter Pahlavi abjad - c. 400 AD (中國西北部)
        
        2.1.1.3.2. Avestan alphabet - c. 250 AD (伊朗)
      - 2.1.1.4. Kharosthi abugida - c. 250 BC (巴基斯坦、阿富汗)
      - 2.1.1.5. Parthian abjad - c. 200 BC (伊朗)
      - 2.1.1.6. 敍利亞c abjad - c. 1 AD (敍利亞、伊朗) *
        
        2.1.1.6.1. Sogdian abjad - c. 100 (烏茲別克)
        
        2.1.1.6.1.1. 格老吉亞n alphabet - c. 100 ? (格老吉亞) *
        
        2.1.1.6.1.2. Orkhon alphabet - c. 700 (蒙古)
        
        2.1.1.6.1.2.1. 旧匈牙利文 - c. 900 (匈牙利)
        
        2.1.1.6.1.3. 回鹘文 - c. 1000 (中國西北部)
        
        2.1.1.6.1.3.1. 回鹘式蒙古文 - c. 1100 (蒙古) *
        
        2.1.1.6.1.3.1.1. 满文 - 1599 (中國東北部)
        
        2.1.1.6.1.3.2. Todo alphabet - 1649 (中國西北部) *
      - 2.1.1.7. Nabatean abjad - c. 50 AD (約旦)
        
        2.1.1.7.1. Arabic abjad - c. 400 (約旦、阿拉伯北部) *
      - 2.1.1.8. Mandaic alphabet - c. 100 AD (伊朗) *
    - 2.1.2. Samaritan abjad - c. 600 BC (以色列) *
    - 2.1.3. 希臘字母 - c. 800 BC (希臘) *
      - 2.1.3.1. 小亞細亞字母 - c. 800 BC (安那托尼亞) *
      - 2.1.3.2. Cumae alphabet - c. 750 BC (希臘、意大利)
        
        2.1.3.2.1. 埃特魯斯坎字母 - c. 725 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.3.2.1.1. 維內蒂字母 - c. 700 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.3.2.1.1.1. 如尼字母 - c. 150 AD (德國、斯堪的納維亞)
        
        2.1.3.2.1.2. 拉丁字母 - c. 600 BC (意大利) *
        
        2.1.3.2.1.2.1. Faliscan alphabet - c. 400 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.3.2.1.3. Oscan alphabet - c. 600 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.3.2.2. Messapic alphabet - c. 550 BC (意大利)
      - 2.1.3.3. 科普特文 - c. 200 BC (埃及) *
      - 2.1.3.4. Gothic alphabet - c. 350 AD (烏克蘭)
      - 2.1.3.5. 亞美尼亞文 - 405 (亞美尼亞) *
      - 2.1.3.6. Glagolitic alphabet - 863 (保加利亞)
        
        2.1.3.6.1. 西里尔文 - c. 900 (保加利亞) *
        
        2.1.3.6.1.1. Abur / Old Permic writing - 1372 (西伯利亞)
    - 2.1.4. Iberian semi-alphabetic syllabary - c. 600 BC (西班牙、葡萄酒)
      - 2.1.4.1. Celtiberian semi-alphabetic syllabary - c. 500 BC (西班牙北部)
    - 2.1.5. Tifinagh abjad - c. 250 BC (非洲西北部) *
      - 2.1.5.1. Neo-Tifinagh alphabet - 20th century (摩洛哥) *
  - 2.2. 南阿拉伯文 - c. 600 BC (阿拉伯南部)
    - 2.2.1. Old Geez abjad - c. 500 BC (埃塞俄比亞)
      - 2.2.1.1. Ge'ez abugida - c. 300 AD (埃塞俄比亞) *
    - 2.2.2. Thamudic abjad - c. 200 BC (阿拉伯北部)