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布里斯托尔（Bristol）是英国英格蘭西南部的一個城市，市區由埃文河(Avon)贯穿全城，与巴斯及东北萨默塞特(Bath and North-East Somerset)、北萨默塞特(North Somerset)及南格洛斯特郡(South Gloucestershire)接壤。此城延伸至布里斯托尔海峡(Bristol Channel)海岸；布里斯托尔海岸部分叫做埃文茅斯(Avonmouth)。
布里斯托尔为英格兰第八、英国第十一人口多的城市。它自中世纪起成为一个重要的商业港口，曾经作为仅次于伦敦的第二大城市达半个世纪之久，直到1780年代被迅速发展的利物浦、曼彻斯特以及伯明翰超过。如今此城是英国重要的航天、高科技工业及金融贸易中心，距离伦敦120英里，拥有一个的国际机场——布里斯托尔国际机场（Bristol International Airport）。
全市有两所大学，布里斯托尔大学和西英格兰大学。每年举办有热气球节。
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which was in 市中心 but has now moved to 布里斯托尔海峡 coast at Avonmouth and Portbury.
{ ! Status | Ceremonial county,
City and Unitary district |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" | Area
- Total
- District | Ranked 47th
110 km²
|- ! Admin HQ | Bristol |- ! ISO 3166-2 | GB-BST |- ! ONS code | 00HB |- ! Traditional county | County corporate
(Gloucestershire
and Somerset) |- ! OS grid reference | ST5946972550
|- ! NUTS 3 | UKK11 |- | colspan=2 style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Demographics |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" | Population
- Total (2004 est.)
- Density
- District |Ranked 43rd
393,900
3,599 / km²
Ranked 7th |- | colspan=2 style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Politics |-
|colspan=2 align=center|
Bristol City Council
http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/
|- ! Control | No overall control
Lib Dem Minority |- ! Leadership | Leader & Cabinet |- ! Executive | Liberal Democrats |- ! Members of Parliament |
|}
[编辑] 地方政府
埃文河是格罗斯特郡和萨默赛特郡传统上的分界线。1373年 Edward III of England proclaimed "that the said town of 布里斯托尔withall be a County by itself and called the county of 布里斯托尔 for ever", but maps usually show it as part of Gloucestershire, and as the city spilled south of the river, it took the county with it.
1974年布里斯托尔became a non-metropolitan district of the newly formed non-metropolitan county of 埃文. When that county was abolished on the 1st April 1996,布里斯托尔returned to its former status of a city and county in itself. The city borders on the unitary districts of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire.
[编辑] 历史
- Main article: History of Bristol.
The town of Brycgstow (Old English, "the place at the bridge") was in existence by the beginning of the 11th century, and under Norman rule acquired one of the strongest castles in southern England.埃文河 in 市中心 has slowly evolved into Bristol Harbour, and since the 12世纪 the harbour has been an 重要港口, handling much of England's trade with 爱尔兰. 1247年建了一座新桥and the town was extended to incorporate neighbouring suburbs, becoming in 1373 a county in its own right. During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing.
14世纪 布里斯托尔是英格兰第三大城市(仅次于伦敦和约克), 1348年黑死病前夕也许有15-20,000 居民。The plague inflicted a prolonged pause in the population growth of Bristol, with numbers remaining at 10-12,000 through most of the 15th and 16世纪. Bristol was made a city in 1542, with the former Abbey of St Augustine becoming Bristol Cathedral.英国内战期间 the city suffered (1643-45) through Royalist military occupation and plague.
In 1497 Bristol was the starting point for John Cabot's voyage of exploration to North America.
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Bristol Bridge seen across the Harbour
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Renewed growth came with 17世纪 rise of 英国的美洲殖民地和 rapid 18世纪 expansion of England's part in 大西洋贸易 in Africans taken for 奴隶 in the Americas.
尽管很少有奴隶被卖到英国，布里斯托尔和利物浦仍然成为著名的奴隶贸易中心。从1700年到1807年的奴隶贸易的鼎盛时期，超过2000艘贩奴船从布里斯托尔装船。保守地估计，大约有50万人从非洲被运送到美洲做奴隶。
Competition from 利物浦 from c.1760, the disruption of maritime commerce through war with 法国 (1793) and the abolition of 奴隶贸易(1807) contributed to the city's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of the North and Midlands. The long passage up the heavily tidal Avon Gorge, which had made the port highly secure during the middle ages, had become a liability which the construction of a new "Floating Harbour" (designed by William Jessop) in 1804-9 failed to overcome. Nevertheless, 布里斯托尔's 人口(66,000 in 1801) quintupled during 19世纪, supported by new industries and growing commerce. It was particularly associated with the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed 大西铁路 between 布里斯托尔和伦敦， two pioneering Bristol-built steamships, and Clifton Suspension Bridge.
布里斯托尔的市中心在第二次世界大战期间遭受猛烈的轰炸，original central area,靠近大桥和城堡,现在是一个公园, featuring two bombed out churches and some tiny fragments of the castle. A third bombed church has a new lease of life as 圣尼古拉教堂Museum. Slightly to the north, the Broadmead shopping centre was built over bomb-damaged areas.
The removal of the docks to Avonmouth,11 km downstream from the city centre, relieved congestion in the central zone and allowed substantial redevelopment of the old central dock area (the "Floating Harbour") in recent decades, although at one time the continued existence of the docks was in jeopardy as it was seen merely as derelict industry rather than a potential asset.
On March 4, 2005, 布里斯托尔 was granted Fairtrade City status.
[编辑] 航空学
20世纪,布里斯托尔的 manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton,市中心以北10 km, by 布里斯托尔航空公司, and aero-engine manufacture by 布里斯托尔 Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway.航空公司 became famous for the WWI 布里斯托尔 Fighter, and Second World War Blenheim and Beaufighter aircraft. In 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with 布里斯托尔Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner.
1960年代 Filton played a key role in 英法Concorde supersonic airliner project. Concorde components were manufactured in 英国和法国工厂 and shipped to the two final assembly plants by road, sea and air. The French assembly lines were in Toulouse in southern France with the British lines in Filton. Luckily the very large three-bay hangar built for the Bristol Brabazon was available for Concorde production.
The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips. The largest proportion of the British share of the work was the powerplant, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma 593. The engine's manufacture was split between British Aircraft Corporation, Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA at Villaroche near 巴黎.
The British Concorde prototype G-BSST made its 22 minute maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, the French prototype F-WTSS had flown from Toulouse five weeks earlier. Most of the employees of BAC and Rolls Royce, plus a huge crowd, watched from around the airfield. Fairford was chosen as the test airfield for Concorde because the runway at Filton was rejected for test flying, its length was inadequate and there were problems with the slope, and the first 1000 feet (300 m) of the runway at its eastern (A38) end could not be used. However, from the end of 1977, all test flying on the second production aircraft G-BBDG was done from Filton, following the closure of the BAC Fairford test base.
In 2003 the two airlines using Concorde (British Airways and Air France) and the company supplying spares and support (Airbus) made the decision to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. For the location of all the aircraft see Concorde.
On 26 November 2003, Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) made the final ever Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection which is currently kept in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, forty miles (60 km) from Filton. This collection includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft.
The major aeronautical companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, Airbus and Rolls-Royce, both based at Filton.
Another important aeronautical company in the city is Cameron Balloons, 世界最大的热气球制造商。每年8月,该市主办布里斯托尔国际 Balloon Fiesta，欧洲最大的热气球比赛之一。
[编辑] 汽车
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英国航空公司 diversified into car manufacturing in 1940s, building luxury hand-built cars at their factory in Filton.1960年汽车制造脱离航空公司独立.
[编辑] 艺术、休闲和媒体
该市有两个著名的足球俱乐部: Bristol City F.C. who play in Football League One和Bristol Rovers F.C. who play in Football League Two。该市还拥有Rugby Union club known as Bristol Rugby, who have won promotion to the Guinness Premiership, and a first-class cricket side, Gloucestershire C.C.C.
In summer the grounds of Ashton Court to the west of the city play host to 布里斯托尔国际 Balloon Fiesta, a major event for hot-air ballooning in Britain. The Fiesta draws a substantial crowd even for the early morning lift that typically begins at about 6.30 am. Events and a fairground entertain the crowds during the day. A second mass ascent is then made in the early evening, again taking advantage of lower wind speeds.
Ashton Court每年夏天也主办Ashton Court 节，an 室外音乐节 used to be known as the Bristol Community Festival.
圣Mary Redcliffe教堂和 Floating Harbour, Bristol
该市的主要剧院公司，布里斯托尔 Old Vic，建立于1946年 as an offshoot of Old Vic公司 in London. Its premises on 国王街 consist of the 1766 皇家剧院(400座位), a modern studio theatre called the New Vic (150 seats), and foyer and bar areas in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built 1743)。皇家剧院is a grade I listed building和英格兰最古老的持续演出的剧院。布里斯托尔 Old Vic also runs a prominent Theatre School。布里斯托尔 Hippodrome剧院较大(1981座位) which hosts national touring productions, while 2000座位的Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston, is the city's main concert venue.
The music scene is thriving and significant. From the late 1970's onwards it was home to a crop of cultish bands combining punk, funk, dub and political consciousness, the most celebrated being The Pop Group.10年后，布里斯托尔诞生了type of English hip-hop音乐 called trip hop或布里斯托尔 Sound, epitomised in the work of artists such as Tricky, Portishead, Smith & Mighty and Massive Attack. It is also a stronghold of drum n bass with notable bands like the Mercury Prize winning Roni Size/Reprazent和Kosheen as well as the pioneering DJ Krust和More Rockers. This music is part of the wider 布里斯托尔 Urban Culture scene which received international media attention in the 1990s and still thrives today.
布里斯托尔's musical pioneering spirit continues as the home to one of the largest and most diverse DIY music communities in the UK. Artists such as Gravenhurst和Chikinki have revived popular interest over the past few years. Other highly influential cult acts include Wall Planner, Pricktaster, Snakes On A Plane and November's Ashes In The Rain. A dynamic community of bands, artists, promoters and music fans has developed around the Choke forum, named after a popular fanzine and club night which has championed underground music from Bristol and beyond since 2001.
布里斯托尔拥有许多音乐演出场所，其中老公爵也许是最出名的。活跃在布里斯托尔的国际知名的爵士乐和蓝调音乐家有Eddie Martin, Jim Blomfield和Andy Sheppard.
布里斯托尔市立博物馆与美术画廊收藏了自然史、考古、本地玻璃制品、中国陶瓷和艺术品等藏品。位于码头前沿的布里斯托尔工业博物馆展出了本市的工业遗产，并运营着一条蒸汽铁路，游船旅行以及码头起重机。市博物馆 also runs three preserved historic houses: the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House, and Blaise Castle House。Watershed media centre and Arnolfini gallery, both in disused dockside warehouses, exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema.
Stop frame animation films 和商业 painstakingly produced by Aardman Animations和高质量电视 series focusing on the natural world have also brought fame and artistic credit to the city.布里斯托尔有英国广播公司(BBC)的区域总部,和自然史 Unit. 布里斯托尔还是演员Cary Grant的出生地。
布里斯托尔有2份地区性晨报，Western Daily Press, a local evening paper,Evening Post and a weekly free newspaper, 布里斯托尔 Observer。布里斯托尔 edition of Metro is distributed for free on buses in the area。地方listings 杂志, Venue，已经出版多年的周刊 as a fortnightly publication and comprehensively covers the city's 音乐、theatre and arts scenes. The Spark 杂志(Since 1993) covers the surging interest in all things green, ethical and New Age. Bristol indymedia is a resource for 布里斯托尔 anarchist and activist community and is 第6大 website associated with the city.
[编辑] 教育
布里斯托尔有2个重要的高等教育机构:布里斯托尔大学，一所在1909年特许建立的新大学；西英格兰大学，前身是布里斯托尔工艺学院，在1992年获得了大学地位。该市还拥有两所专门进行高等教育的学院—— 布里斯托尔市立学院和菲尔敦学院，以及一所神学院布里斯托尔三一学院。创造中心是许多可持续发展项目及终生教育计划的大本营。该市有129所小学及3个市立学习中心，还有许多独立的高质量学校，包括伊丽莎白女王医学院，这是该地区唯一的一所全男生的学校。
[编辑] 交通
布里斯托尔有2个主要火车站: Parkway火车站和Temple Meads火车站. Bristol was never well served by suburban railways, though Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach survived the Beeching Axe and is still in operation today. The Portishead Railway was closed in the Beeching Axe but was relaid between 2000-2002 as far as the Royal Portbury Dock with a Strategic Rail Authority rail-freight grant. Plans to relay a further three miles of track to Portishead, a largely dormitory town with only one connecting road, have been discussed but there is insufficient funding to rebuild stations [2].
Long-standing plans for a light rail system in the Bristol area have not so far succeeded, and as a consequence public transport within the city is still largely bus based. The majority of the local bus service is operated by First Group. The central part of the city also has water-based routes, operated as the Bristol Ferry Boat, which provide both leisure and commuter services on the harbour.
The city is connected by road on an east-west axis from London to Wales by the M4 motorway, and on a north-southwest axis from Birmingham to Exeter by the M5 motorway. The M32 motorway is a spur from the M4 to the city centre.
The city is also served by its own airport (BRS), at Lulsgate, which has seen substantial improvements to its runway, terminal and other facilities.
Despite being hilly, Bristol is one of the prominent cycling cities of England, and is home to the national cycle campaigning group Sustrans. It has a number of urban cycle routes, as well as links to National Cycle Network routes to Bath and London, to Gloucester and Wales, and to the south-western peninsula of England.
[编辑] Dialect
许多布里斯托尔人 speak a distinctive dialect of 英语 (known colloquially as Brizzle or Bristle). Uniquely for an urban area of Britain, this is a rhotic dialect, in which the r in words like car is pronounced. It is perhaps this element of the dialect which has led outsiders to dub it "farmer speech".
The most unusual feature of this dialect, unique to Bristol, is 布里斯托尔 L (or Terminal L), in which an L sound is appended to words that end in a letter a. Thus "area" becomes "areal", etc. This may lead to confusions between expressions like area engineer and aerial engineer which in "Bristle" sound identical. Other examples include 'Americal' and 'Canadal', and, when unsure, the answer 'I have no ideal'. In the same way, the Swedish Ikea is known by some as 'Ikeal'. This is how the city's name evolved from Brycgstow to have a final 'L' sound: 布里斯托尔.
Another Bristolian linguistic feature is the addition of a superfluous “to” in questions relating to direction or orientation. For example, “Where’s that?” would be phrased as “Where’s that to?” and “Where’s the park?” would become “Where’s the park to?”.Interestingly, this speech feature is very predominate in Newfoundland English, where many of that islands early European inhabitants originated from Bristol and other West Country ports and lived there in relative isolation in the centuries to follow.
For a full listing of all of Bristol's colloquialisms vist: That Be Bristol - Dictionary
[编辑] 区域和市镇
The following areas and towns make up the city of Bristol and its outskirts. It includes some adjoining areas of South Gloucestershire, marked SG.
[编辑] Places of interest
[编辑] 名人
Many notable people have been associated with Bristol, including musicians, engineers, scientists, sailors and explorers.
- Banksy, the infamous graffiti artist.
- Tony Benn, veteran socialist politician and former MP for the city (1960s). The first peer to renounce his hereditary title after campaigning for a change in the British Consitution that became the Peerage Act 1963.
- Edmund Burke was 议员for the city for six years from 1774. He famously insisted that he was a Member of Parliament first, rather than a representative of his constituents' interests.
- Thomas Chatterton, chief poet of the 18th-century Gothic literary revival, England's youngest writer of mature verse, and precursor of the Romantic movement.
- Adam Hart-Davis, presenter of various science related television programmes.
- Sir Thomas Lawrence was painter and draftsman who was the most fashionable English portrait painter of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
- Singer Neneh Cherry lived in the city for a few years during the late 80s/early 90s.
- Joanne Rowling lived in various places in and near Bristol during her childhood.
- Wallace and Gromit; heroes of the animation world and stars of the Oscar-winning 'The Wrong Trousers', 'A Grand Day Out', 'A Close Shave' and 'The Curse of the Were-Rabbit' were created in Bristol by Aardman Animations.
- Tony Robinson actor, trained with Bristol Old Vic and has lived in Bristol and also been active politically there, for nearly thirty years. He is known to television viewers for his part as 'Baldrick' in the comedy Blackadder.
- Cary Grant, Hollywood actor, born in Horfield, moved to America when he was a child.
- Keith Floyd, TV chef, ran several restaurants in Bristol, and got his start in TV at BBC Bristol.
- Paul Stephenson, race relations activist who led a boycott of the city's buses in 1963, when the Bristol Omnibus Co. refused to employ black drivers and conductors. The boycott is known to have influenced the creation of the UK's first Race Relations Act in 1965.
[编辑] 参见
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備註：*號為都市郡、**號為郡級單一管理市
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Template:English Cities
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[编辑] 外部链接
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