弗朗茨·舒伯特
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
弗朗茨·舒伯特（Franz Seraphicus Peter Schubert，1797年1月31日—1828年11月19日）是奥地利作曲家，他是早期浪漫主义音乐的代表人物，也被認為是古典主義音樂的最後一位巨匠。 舒伯特在短短31年的生命中，创作了600多首歌曲 ，18部歌剧、歌唱剧和配剧音乐，10部交响曲，19首弦乐四重奏，22首钢琴奏鸣曲 ，4首小提琴奏鸣曲以及许多其他作品 。他为不少诗人如约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德、弗里德里希·席勒、海因里希·海涅、威尔赫姆·穆勒等的作品写了大量歌曲，把音乐与诗歌紧密结合在一起。他的歌曲中既有抒情曲、叙事曲、充满战斗性的爱国歌曲，也有源于民间音乐的歌曲，其中重要的有《魔王》、《鳟鱼 》、《菩提树》、《美丽的磨坊少女》、《野玫瑰》、《流浪者》（2首）、《普罗米修斯》、《致音乐》、《迷娘之歌》、《纺车旁的格雷欣》、《牧童的哀歌》、《战斗中的祈祷》、《剑之歌》、《战士之歌》等 ， 主要歌曲汇有3部歌曲集 ：《美丽的磨坊少女》、《冬之旅》和《天鹅之歌》。他的交响曲中较重要有第四、第五、第八、第九交响曲，其中第八交响曲是一部浪漫主义抒情交响曲，因只写了两个乐章而被称为《未完成交响曲》，第九交响曲气势磅礴，充满英勇豪迈的气概，被称为《偉大交响曲》 。 他的作品还有d小调弦乐四重奏《死与少女》、钢琴五重奏《鳟鱼》、C大调弦乐五重奏、钢琴曲《流浪者幻想曲》、《音乐的瞬间》 、降E大调即兴曲、A大调奏鸣曲和配剧音乐《罗莎蒙德》等。舒伯特以抒情的旋律聞名，而且總是能夠自然流露、渾然天成。 舒伯特在生的時候，大眾對他的認識和欣賞只是一般，但在逝世前已經有一百首著作被出版。他早年擔任父親學校裏的教師，辭去職位後一直沒有固定的工作，經常靠朋友接濟。 舒伯特死后被安葬在他生前一直相当崇拜却只见过几次面的贝多芬墓旁。
[编辑] 早年生活和教育1797年1月31日，舒伯特出生于维也纳近郊的里希田塔尔。他父親弗朗茨·西奥多·弗洛里安（Franz Theodor ·Florian）是一個莫拉維亞農夫的兒子，是一個教区學校的校長。他的母親伊利莎白·維茲（Elizabeth Vietz）在結婚前是一个女仆。舒伯特連他在內共有15名兄弟姊妹，不過這15人當中，有10名在出生後不久就病死。他们的父亲是一位知名的教师，同时也是一位业余音乐家，将自己的音乐知识都传授给了儿子。 從五歲開始，舒伯特就隨父親开始學習，六歲時開始进入学校上課，他的音乐的启蒙也从那时开始。。父親教導他小提琴的基础，当他七岁时，师从迈克尔·霍尔泽，霍尔泽教堂的乐队长，学习音乐。可是霍尔泽根本教不了他，要教的内容他早就会了。所以上课的内容变成了聊天，或者经常就是霍尔泽目瞪口呆地看着舒伯特，吃惊的说不出话来。小舒伯特从一名学徒工那里学到更多的东西。那个学徒工曾带他去临近的一个钢琴仓库，给他以比他贫穷的家庭所能给予的更好的乐器练习机会。他的早年教育更显不足的另外一个原因是在那个年代，一个作曲家如果自己不是一个在公众面前的出色的演奏家，那他成名的机会几乎微乎其微。这样看来，他童年的音乐启蒙教育是不够他踏上音乐家之路的。 1808年8月,他考进了皇家神学寄宿学校，并在皇家教堂童声合唱团里唱歌。在那里舒伯特开始接触了莫扎特的序曲和交响曲。正是大量不断的接触各种各样的曲谱，以及经常去歌剧院听歌剧，舒伯特开始为他的后来的音乐造诣打下坚实的基础。 同时，他的天赋引起了当时顶级作曲家安东尼奥·萨列里的注意，萨列里决定教授他作曲和音乐理论。舒伯特早期的室内乐很有特点，后来人们知道他家在周日和节假日经常演练弦乐四重奏，他的两个兄弟拉小提琴，他父亲大提琴，舒伯特自己拉中提琴。这正是他后来为之谱曲的业余合唱的雏形。 他在寄宿学校后来的时光里，又陆续写了很多室内乐，几首歌曲，一些钢琴曲片断，一首Kyrie (D.31)和Salve Regina (D.27), 一首风琴octet(D.72/72a) - 据说是悼念他1812年去世的母亲。一首cantata (D.110), words and music, for his father's name-day in 1813, 和他的毕业作品 - 生命（life）, 他的第一首交响曲(D.82)。 [编辑] 教师生涯在1813年底他离开了寄宿学校，同时为了避免服役便去了他父亲的学校作为底班的教师。此时他的父亲也与一位来自近郊 Gumpendorf 丝绸商人的女儿Anna Kleyenboeck再婚。其后的两年里年轻的舒伯特忍受着繁杂的工作，他倒也游刃有余。尤其是萨列里一直对他单独教授作曲。可以说萨列里是教他时间最长也是对他最有影响的老师。因为萨列里是头一个将Biedermeier（指１8１５－１８４８）风格溶入维也纳教堂音乐的作曲家，所以舒伯特早期作品有他老师的教堂音乐的特点就不足为奇了。另外萨列里用多种语言写了大量歌曲，这也对舒伯特早期大量出产歌曲给出了解释。 他的第一部歌剧-- Des Teufels Lustschloss (D.84) -- 和F大調第一部弥萨曲(D.105) -- 都作于1814年, 同年他还写了三部弦乐四重奏，第一首交响曲no.2 in B-flat major (D.125)和１７首歌曲，其中包括经典的Der Taucher(D.77/111) 和 Gretchen am Spinnrade (D.118, published as Op.2)。但这些和１８１５年的作品数量比，就逊色了。在１８１５年，尽管有教课的工作，还要找萨列里上课，以及生活的很多杂事，他的产量高得让人难以置信。降B大調第二交响曲(D.125) 完成了，紧接着第三號D大調(D.200)。他又写了两首弥萨曲，第一首仅用了六天。三首歌剧Der vierjährige Posten (D.190), Fernando (D.220) 和Claudine von Villabella (D.239)-- 另外两首, Adrast (D.137) 和 Die Freunde von Salamanka (D.326), 没有完成。 另外还有一部弦乐四重奏，四部奏鸣曲，及零散的钢琴曲，以及146 首歌曲。有些歌曲还很长。他光１０月１５日写了８首歌，１０月１９日７首。 1814年１２月舒伯特结识了诗人Johann Mayrhofer: 由于舒伯特的性格，他们的友谊很快发展至亲密无间。他俩的脾气不一样，舒伯特率直，开放，阳光，Mayrhofer忧郁，沉默寡言，将人生看作对人的忍耐力的考验。他们的友谊，我们随后会看到，对舒伯特后来的帮助是多方面 。 [编辑] 朋友的支援如果说１８１５年是舒伯特创作丰富的一年，那么１８１６年却是他命运转折的一年。他为歌德的诗歌魔王谱曲，为好友Spaun惊叹不已。几周后，一个家境殷实的学生Franz von Schober，因为曾经在Spaun的家里听过舒伯特的歌曲，前来拜访。他提出让舒伯特辞去学校的差事，并资助他安心进行音乐创作。这个建议可谓雪中送炭。因为舒伯特刚刚申请卢布尔雅那宫廷乐师未果，正为压抑的教职闷闷不乐。他父亲很快同意了他的决定，很快在四月末他搬到了Schober家寄宿。舒伯特曾经为了补贴家用试图教授音乐，但很快放弃，全身心的投入到音乐创作中。他后来说，"我整天都在写，每当我完成一部，马上开始下一部。" 同一时期舒伯特的朋友圈子也不断扩大。Mayrhofer介绍他认识Johann Michael Vogl，著名的男中音，他为给舒伯特扩大影响经常在维也纳的沙龙演唱他谱的歌曲：Anselm Hüttenbrenner和他的兄弟Joseph是舒伯特的忠实歌迷。出色的钢琴家Joseph von Gahy经常演奏他的奏鸣曲和幻想曲。音乐世家Sonnleithner一家，因为大儿子与舒伯特在皇家学院是同学，让舒伯特自由出入, 而且为他举办音乐聚会，这种聚会很快被称为“舒伯特圈子(Schubertiaden)”。生计对于舒伯特来说也不是问题。毫无疑问，舒伯特当时一无所有，他辞掉了教职，却也没有演出收入。而且那时没有出版商对他的作品感兴趣。但是他的仗义朋友们经常无所求的接济他。有个给他提供住处，有的提供乐器。他们一起出去吃饭，碰上谁带钱谁就付钱。舒伯特是聚会的明星，但一贫如洗。据说他有十几个外号。最有特点的一个是“什么能耐？”，更通俗一些就是“他买单？”当一个新人被介绍给舒伯特认识时，他经常这样问。舒伯特的另一个外号是“小蘑菇”。因为他只有１米５７，又是个小胖子。 The compositions of 1820 are remarkable, and show a marked advance in development and maturity of style. The unfinished oratorio "Lazarus" (D.689) was begun in February; later followed, amid a number of smaller works, the 23rd Psalm (D.706), the Gesang der Geister (D.705/714), the Quartettsatz in C minor (D.703) and the great "Wanderer Fantasy" for piano (D.760). But of almost more biographical interest is the fact that in this year two of Schubert's operas appeared at the Kärntnerthor theatre, Die Zwillingsbrüder (D.647) on June 14, and Die Zauberharfe (D.644) on August 19. Hitherto his larger compositions (apart from Masses) had been restricted to the amateur orchestra at the Gundelhof, a society which grew out of the quartet-parties at his home. Now he began to assume a more prominent position and address a wider public. Still, however, publishers held obstinately aloof, and it was not until his friend Vogl had sung Erlkönig at a concert (Feb. 8, 1821) that Anton Diabelli hesitatingly agreed to print some of his works on commission. The first seven opus numbers (all songs) appeared on these terms; then the commission ceased, and he began to receive the meagre pittances which were all that the great publishing houses ever accorded to him. Much has been written about the neglect from which he suffered during his lifetime. It was not the fault of his friends, it was only indirectly the fault of the Viennese public; the persons most to blame were the cautious intermediaries who stinted and hindered him from publication. The production of his two dramatic pieces turned Schubert's attention more firmly than ever in the direction of the stage; and towards the end of 1821 he set himself on a course which for nearly three years brought him continuous mortification and disappointment. Alfonso und Estrella was refused, and so was Fierabras (D.796); Die Verschworenen (D.787) was prohibited by the censor (apparently on the ground of its title); Rosamunde (D.797) was withdrawn after two nights, owing to the poor quality of its libretto. Of these works the two former are written on a scale which would make their performances exceedingly difficult (Fierabras, for instance, contains over 1000 pages of manuscript score), but Die Verschworenen is a bright attractive comedy, and Rosamunde contains some of the most charming music that Schubert ever composed. In 1822 he made the acquaintance both of Weber and of Beethoven, but little came of it in either case, though Beethoven cordially acknowledged his genius, the quote attributed to Beethoven being: "Truly, the spark of Divine genius resides in this Schubert!" Schober was away from Vienna; new friends appeared of a less desirable character; on the whole these were the darkest years of his life. In 1994 musicologist Rita Steblin discovered Schubert's brother Karl's marriage petition on the attic floor of the Lichtental church. The composer's own wish to marry Therese Grob was hindered by Metternich's harsh marriage consent law of 1815, as Schubert's heart-rending cry in his diary of September 1816 makes clear. [编辑] 後期生活和作品In 1823 appeared Schubert's first song cycle, Die schöne Müllerin, D. 795, after poems by Wilhelm Müller. This work, together with the later cycle "Winterreise" D. 911, is widely considered one of the pinnacles of Schubert's work and of the German Lied in general. In the spring of 1824 he wrote the magnificent Octet in F (D.803), "A Sketch for a Grand Symphony"; and in the summer went back to Želiezovce, when he became attracted by Hungarian idiom, and wrote the Divertissement a l'Hongroise (D.818) and the String Quartet in A minor (D.804). He held a hopeless passion for his pupil Countess Caroline Esterhazy; but whatever may be said about this romance, its details are not presently known. Despite his preoccupation with the stage and later with his official duties he found time during these years for a good deal of miscellaneous composition. The Mass in A flat (D.678) was completed and the exquisite "Unfinished Symphony" (Symphony No 8 in B minor, D.759) begun in 1822. To 1824, beside the works mentioned above, belong the variations for flute and piano on Trockne Blumen, the climactic song of "Die schöne Müllerin". There is also a sonata for piano and "Arpeggione" (D.821), an interesting attempt to encourage a cumbersome and now obsolete instrument. This wonderful music is nowadays usually played by cello and piano, although a number of other arrangements have been made. The mishaps of the recent years were compensated by the prosperity and happiness of 1825. Publication had been moving more rapidly; the stress of poverty was for a time lightened; in the summer there was a pleasant holiday in Upper Austria, where Schubert was welcomed with enthusiasm. It was during this tour that he produced his "Songs from Sir Walter Scott". This cycle contains his famous and beloved Ellens dritter Gesang, D.839, today more popularly known as his "Ave Maria", which was originally set to Adam Storck's German translation of Scott's original poem, not to the Latin text of the Ave Maria prayer that is commonly sung today. During this time he also wrote the Piano Sonata in A minor (D.845, op. 42). From 1826 to 1828 Schubert resided continuously in Vienna, except for a brief visit to Graz in 1827. The history of his life during these three years is little more than a record of his compositions. The only events worth notice are that in 1826 he dedicated a symphony to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde and received an honorarium in return. In the spring of 1828 he gave, for the first and only time in his career, a public concert of his own works which was very well received. But the compositions themselves are a sufficient biography. The string quartet in D minor, with the variations on Death and the Maiden (D.810), was written during the winter of 1825-1826, and first played on January 25, 1826. Later in the year came the string quartet in G major, the "Rondeau brilliant" for piano and violin (D.895, Op.70), and the fine Piano Sonata in G (D.894, Op.78) which, because of some pedantry of the publisher's, was originally printed without Schubert's title 'Fantasia' (although more recent editions have restored the title, at least as a subtitle). To these should be added the three Shakespearian songs, of which "Hark! Hark! the Lark" (D.889) and "Who is Sylvia?" (D.891) were allegedly written on the same day, the former at a tavern where he broke his afternoon's walk, the latter on his return to his lodging in the evening. In 1827 Schubert wrote the song cycle Winterreise (D.911), the Fantasia for piano and violin in C (D.934), and the two piano trios (B flat, D.898; and E flat, D.929): in 1828 the Song of Miriam, the C major symphony (D.944), the Mass in E-flat (D.950), and the exceedingly beautiful Tantum Ergo (D.962) in the same key, the String Quintet in C (D.956), the second Benedictus to the Mass in C, the last three piano sonatas, and the collection of songs published posthumously under the fanciful name of Schwanengesang ("Swan song", D.957). Six of these are to words by Heinrich Heine, whose Buch der Lieder appeared in the autumn. In the last weeks of his life he began to sketch 3 movements for a new Symphony in D (D.936A) [1] [编辑] 逝世
在他的创作旺盛时期，他的健康恶化。 自从1822年起，舒伯特就在和梅毒作斗争. 尽管有人提出其他的病因，最终的病症很可能是伤寒症；他晚期的病状与汞中毒的病状相似，而汞恰恰是19世纪早期被用来治疗梅毒的药物；无论如何，没有足够的证据来作出确定的诊断。他于1828年11月19日死于维也纳，哥哥费迪南德的公寓里，卒年31岁。根据他的要求，死后被葬在其崇拜了一生的偶像贝多芬的墓边。 1888年，舒伯特以及贝多芬的坟墓被迁到了维也纳中央公墓，与小约翰·施特劳斯以及约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯的墓为邻。 1872年，弗兰克 舒伯特的纪念碑在维也纳的中央公园被建立起来。 [编辑] 死後的聲譽Some of his smaller pieces were printed shortly after his death, but the more valuable seem to have been regarded by the publishers as waste paper. In 1838 Robert Schumann, on a visit to Vienna, found the dusty manuscript of the C major symphony (the "Great", D.944) and took it back to Leipzig, where it was performed by Felix Mendelssohn and celebrated in the Neue Zeitschrift. There continues to be some controversy over the numbering of this symphony, with German-speaking scholars numbering it as symphony No. 7, the revised Deutsch catalogue (the standard catalogue of Schubert's works, compiled by Otto Erich Deutsch) listing it as No. 8, and English-speaking scholars listing it as No. 9. 50 of his songs were transcribed for piano and then popularised by Franz Liszt. The most important step towards the recovery of the neglected works was the journey to Vienna which Sir George Grove (of "Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians" fame) and Sir Arthur Sullivan made in the autumn of 1867. The travellers rescued from oblivion seven symphonies, the Rosamunde music, some of the Masses and operas, some of the chamber works, and a vast quantity of miscellaneous pieces and songs. This led to more widespread public interest in Schubert's work. Another controversy, which originated with Grove and Sullivan and continued for many years, surrounded the "lost" symphony. Immediately before Schubert's death, his friend Eduard von Bauernfeld recorded the existence of an additional symphony, dated 1828 (although this does not necessarily indicate the year of composition) named the "Letzte" or "Last" symphony. It has been more or less accepted by musicologists that the "Last" symphony refers to a sketch in D major (D936A), discovered by Ernst Hilmar in the 1970s and eventually realised by Brian Newbould as the Tenth Symphony. Franz Liszt declared Schubert to be "the most poetic musician ever". [编辑] 媒體
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