放大器
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一般而言, 放大器 是 任何 使用较小的能量来控制较大能量的器件 。现在,在日常使用中,这个名词常常是指电子放大器,经常用于音频应用中。一个放大器的输入输出关系--常常表示为一个与输入频率相关的函数--称为放大器的传输函数,同时这个传输函数的系数定义为增益。
[编辑] 放大器的基本特性大多数放大器的特性可以由一系列的参数来描述。 [编辑] 增益增益是指放大器能在多大程度上增大信号的幅值。该参数常用分贝(dB)来度量。 用数学语言来说,增益等于输出幅值除以输入幅值。(对功率放大器而言,用分贝表示的增益可以由此关系式计算:G(dB)=10log(Pout/Pin)(Electrical))。 [编辑] 输出动态范围输出动态范围,常用dB为单位给出,是指最大与最小有用输出幅值之间的范围。因为最低的有用幅值受限于输出噪声,所以称之为放大器的动态范围。 [编辑] 带宽与上升时间放大器的带宽(BW)常定义为低频与高频半功率点之间的差值。因而也就是常说的-3dB BW。有时也定义在其它的响应容差下的带宽 (-1dB,-6dB等等。)。 举例来说,一个好的音频放大器的-3dB带宽将在二十赫兹到两万赫兹左右(正常人的听觉频率范围)。
Tr * BW = 0.35, 其中 BW 的单位是Hz,Tr 的单位是秒. [编辑] 建立时间与失调是指输出幅值建立于最终幅值的某个比值(比如0.1%)以内时所花的时间。This is usually specified for oscilloscope vertical amplifiers and high accuracy measurement systems. [编辑] 迴轉率迴轉率(slew rate)是指输出電壓变量的最大变化率,常定义为伏特每秒(或微秒)。 [编辑] 噪声是对在放大过程中引入噪声多少的一个量度。噪声是电学器件和元件中不受欢迎却无法避免的。噪声由放大器零输入时輸出的分贝或输出電壓峰值来度量。 [编辑] 效率效率用来量度多少输入能量是应用于放大器输出的。甲类(A类)放大器效率十分低下,约在10-20%之间,最大不超过25%。现代甲乙类(AB类)放大器一般效率都在35-55%之间,理论值可达78.5%。有报道说商用的丁类(D类)放大器的效率可高达97%。放大器的效率限制了总功耗中有用部分所占的比例。注意,效率越高的放大器散热量越小,通常在几个瓦特的设计中也无需风扇。 [编辑] 线性度理想放大器应当是完全线性器件,但是实际的放大器仅在某些实际限制下是线性的。当驱动放大器的信号增大后,输出也随之增大,直到达到某个电压值,使得放大器的某部分达到饱和从而不能再增大输出了,称之为截止失真(削峰失真)。 有些放大器在设计中通过某种可控途径来解决这个问题,即以牺牲增益为代价换取较小的失真。其结果是一种补偿效应,即(如果放大器是音频放大器的话)大大減少听起来不悅耳的聲音。对于这些放大器,其增益比小信号时小1dB时的输入功率(或输出功率)定义为1dB补偿点。 线性度是一个关键的问题,目前有很多技术来避免非线性带来的影响,比如前馈、预矫正、后矫正、包迹抑制还原(波包消除重建)、用非线性元件实现线性放大(LINC)、CALLUM、Cartesian 反馈…… [编辑] 电子放大器对于不同的应用,电子放大器有很多种类。 最普通的一类放大器就是电子放大器,常应用于广播和电视发射台及接收器,高傳真(hi-fi)立体声装置,微型计算机和其它电子数字装置,以及吉他和其他仪表放大器。它最关键的元件是有源器件,比如真空管或晶体管。 [编辑] 功率放大器的分类放大器常依据通过放大器件的输入信号(正弦波)的导通角(有时也称为angle of flow)来分类;见electronic amplifier。
[编辑] 真空管放大器(閥式)放大器According to Symons, while semiconductor amplifiers have largely displaced valve amplifiers for low power applications, valve amplifiers are much more cost effective in high power applications such as "radar, countermeasures equipment, or communications equipment" (p. 56). Many microwave amplifiers are specially designed valves, such as the klystron, gyrotron, traveling wave tube, and crossed-field amplifier, and these microwave valves provide much greater single-device power output at microwave frequencies than solid-state devices (p. 59).[1] In the earlier years of audio, vacuum tubes filled the active device role. Valve amplifiers are widely, but not always correctly, associated with the valve sound. Some claim this sound has more to do with the circuit topology and circuit design of the amplifier, than to the use of valves rather than transistors as the active gain devices. However, this reasoning is not entirely correct. Because tubes are significantly more linear than transistors, tube amplifiers do not need as much global negative feedback to achieve acceptable linearity. While large amounts of global negative feedback are effective for reducing THD at low frequencies, feedback has downsides such as reduced stability, reduced slew rate, reduced bandwidth, increased high-order distortion[來源請求] , and artifacts such as asymmetrical slewing[來源請求] . In most commercial designs, little attention is paid to these problems, and designers simply attempt to achieve the lowest possible THD. [编辑] 電晶體放大器此主動元件的基本角色就是放大輸入訊號,產生一個顯著的放大訊號。放大的倍率(順向增益)是由主動元件和外部電路所共同決定的。 在電晶體放大器裡常用的主動元件是雙極性電晶體(BJT)和金氧半場效應電晶體(MOSFET)。 應用非常多樣化,常見的如家用音響的聲音放大器、半導體設備的高功率射頻訊號發射機、射頻或微波訊號的無線電收發機。 [编辑] 運算放大器 (op-amps)運算放大器是一種積體電路式放大器,主要由外部的回授來決定其轉移函數或增益。 [编辑] 影像放大器本類放大器處理頻寬高於5MHz的影像訊號。為了呈現可接受的電視畫面,對於步階響應和Overshoot的要求也是必要的。設計一個高頻影像放大器是件很困難的工作。 [编辑] 示波器垂直放大器用於放大示波器映像管的影像訊號,頻寬大約可達500MHz。對於步階響應、上升时间、overshoot和變形的規格要求,使得設計此種放大器是極端困難的。 [编辑] 分散式放大器These use transmission lines to temporally split the signal and amplify each portion separately in order to achieve higher bandwidth than can be obtained from a single amplifying device. The outputs of each stage are combined in the output transmission line. This type of amplifier was commonly used on oscilloscopes as the final vertical amplifier. The transmission lines were often housed inside the display tube glass envelope. [编辑] 微波放大器[编辑] Travelling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers應用於微波頻段中較低頻的高功率放大。此類放大器通常能使用於很寬的頻率範圍,但相對的,TWT並不像Klystrons能夠調整。 [编辑] KlystronsVery similar to TWT amplifiers, but more powerful and with a specific frequency "sweet spot". They generally are also much heavier than TWT amplifiers, and are therefore ill-suited for light-weight mobile applications. Klystrons are tunable, offering selective output within their specified frequency range. [编辑] 樂器(聲音)放大器聲音放大器通常用於放大音樂或說話的訊號。 [编辑] 其他類型放大器[编辑] 碳膜麥克風One of the first devices used to amplify signals was the carbon microphone. By channeling a large electric current through the compressed carbon granules in the microphone, a small sound signal could produce a much larger electric signal. The carbon microphone was extremely important in early telecommunications, analog telephones in fact work without the use of any other amplifier. Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service. [编辑] 磁放大器A magnetic amplifier is a transformer-like device that makes use of the saturation of magnetic materials to produce amplification. It is a non-electronic electrical amplifier with no moving parts. The bandwidth of magnetic amplifiers extends to the hundreds of kilohertz. An Amplidyne or Rototrol is a rotating machine like an electrical generator that provides amplification of electrical signals by the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy. [编辑] 光學放大器通过受激辐射过程放大光的元件。比如用于光纤通讯网络中的掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA,Erbium doped fiber amplifier)。 Optical amplifiers amplify light through the process of stimulated emission. [编辑] 雜項類型
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