立陶宛国旗
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
立陶宛国旗是一面黃、綠、紅橫向三色旗幟，是立陶宛於1989年3月20日從前蘇聯獨立時被採納成為國旗。之前，於1918年至1940年期間，這面旗幟亦是當時仍然保持獨立國家地位的立陶宛國旗。1941年至1945年，立陶宛曾被納綷德國短暫佔領，到1945年被蘇聯吞併，直至1989年為止。在被蘇聯佔領的期間，立陶宛採用另一面旗幟，採用紅底左上角有黃色五角星及鐮刀、鐵錘圖案的汎用形蘇聯旗幟，之後再把旗幟的下方加上白色窄條和綠色寬條。立陶宛国旗的長寬比例本來是1:2，在2004年，這個比例改成3:5。
[编辑] 歷史
現時已知最早代表立陶宛的旗幟是在15世紀出現。根據Jan Długosz所寫的Banderia Prutenorum手稿裡的紀錄，在1410年的Grunwald戰役發生時，對戰雙方使用兩面不同的旗幟。 當中佔多數、有40 regiments的使用一面紅色底、上有一位全副武裝的騎士。這一面後來被稱為Vytis的旗幟，後來成為了立陶宛的軍旗(war flag)；到了2004年更成為了state flag。其餘的regiments使用的旗幟亦是紅色底，但上面是一個白色的格迪米納斯塔(Columns of Gediminas)圖案。使用Vytis旗幟的，又稱為 Pahonia，代表着立陶宛大公；而使用格迪米納斯塔旗幟的代表着立陶宛的貴族。一直以來，立陶宛大公及其後嗣國家都一直使用Vytis旗，直到18世紀末期被俄羅斯帝國吞併為止[1]。 黃綠紅三色的出現時期，正值當時歐洲的共和國更改旗幟的風氣熾熱之時。在當時，法國在革命後改用紅、白、藍的三色旗幟，這面旗幟相信成為了今日立陶宛國旗的藍本。當時的小立陶宛亦有一面綠、白、紅的三色旗[1]。 具體倒底是誰最先採納黃綠紅三色旗的，已無從稽考。不過，一般都認為是流亡美國的立陶宛移民最新提出使用這面旗幟的建議。這三種顏色經常都在立陶宛的民族編織物及傳統服飾上出現[2]。在當時的立陶宛國民大會(Great Seimas of Vilnius)的會議中，與會者傾向選擇三色旗多於原來立陶宛大公國過去使用的Vytis旗來作為新國家的國旗。他們不選擇Vytis旗有兩個原因： 對國旗的討論於1917再度發生，但諮詢過紋章學家(heraldists)後，黃綠紅三色旗在1918年成了定案。 但是，爭議依然持續。三色旗的反對者認為金色並不是一種適合的顏色，因為黃、綠、紅三色組合並不符合當時的紋章法則。不過，在兩次世界大戰期間，三色旗仍能保持它的地位。至第二次世界大戰期間，立陶宛被納粹德國及蘇聯瓜分。而在蘇聯治下，更曾出現兩面旗幟共用的情況。二戰過後，一面紅色底色，於左上角繪有金色鎌刀及鋤頭，並有「Republics of the Soviet Union」(蘇維埃社會主義共和國)字樣的旗幟代表了立陶宛。而在該面旗底部，另有白色及綠色橫條。[1] 到1988年，立陶宛獨立運動漸趨強大，立陶宛中的統治者於是重新確立三色旗為國旗，並在一年後正式規對國旗的顏色作出規範。而脫離蘇聯獨立後，三色旗於1992透過公民投票確認後，寫進了新的立陶宛憲法。[1] [编辑] 設計與象徵在1991年6月26日通過的《立陶宛共和國國旗法》，規定了國旗的設計、尺寸及使用法則。法例在2004年7月8日經過修訂，國旗的長寬比例從1:2變成3:5，並接納了Vytis旗作為代表立陶宛政府的旗幟。新的修訂在得到總統瓦尔达斯·阿达姆库斯(Valdas Adamkus)確認後，已於2004年9月1日生效[3]。 立陶宛國旗及政府旗的色彩，是根據彩通配色系統®(PMS)定義的，特別是Pantone textile-paper (TP)。兩面旗幟的比例都必需是3:5，而標準大小則定為長1.7米及闊1米。但只要是色彩及長闊比例都是依足法例所訂明的話，實際上任何大小都是可以接受的。[3] 在立陶宛國旗上，黃色代表了土地，綠色在表立陶宛綠油油的田野，而紅色則代表了那些曾為立陶宛淌流過的鮮血。[1] The official Pantone colors have been published since 2004; the list below shows the official colors and their suggested equivalents:
[编辑] State flag
In 2004, along with the law authorizing the change of the flag ratio, a state flag was adopted. This flag displays the national emblem in a banner form. The ratio of the flag is the same as that of the national flag, i.e. 3:5. The state flag, called the historical flag in law, was proposed by Česlovas Juršėnas, the vice-speaker of the Seimas, and by Edmundas Rimša, the chairman of the Commission of Heraldry. This flag was also proposed at the same time as the grand coat of arms; both were meant to honor the 750th anniversary of the coronation of Mindaugas in 1253. The designer of the flag and coat of arms was Arvydas Každailis.[8] Historically, this flag was used during the Battle of Grunwald, and has served as the government flag for Central Lithuania from 1922 until 1939.[1] This was one of the few flags considered to become the national flag during the drive for national independence. It is also worth noting that several other countries have an official national flag for civilian use and a state flag for government use. Some of the countries that practice this are Spain, Venezuela, Germany and Thailand. Under the National Flag Law, the state flag is permanently hoisted at three locations: the Royal Palace of Lithuania, Trakai Island Castle, and the grounds of the Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas. In addition, the flag is hoisted at the following locations on these days:[8]
[编辑] Flag protocol
The flag can be flown vertically or horizontally from public buildings, private homes, businesses, ships, town squares, or during official ceremonies. If the flag is flown horizontally, the yellow stripe must be at top; when flown vertically, the yellow stripe must be facing right with the red stripe facing left. While the flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, government offices in Lithuania and abroad must fly the flag on a 24-hour basis. The flags must conform to the legal standards, and cannot be soiled or damaged in any way.[3] For mourning activities, the flag can be flown in either of the following ways. The first method, commonly known as half-staffing, is performed when the flag is hoisted to the top of the flagpole, then lowered to the pole's one-third position. The other method is to attach a black ribbon to a flag that is permanently affixed to a staff. The ribbon itself is ten centimetres wide and it is attached to the mast so that the ends of the ribbon reach the bottom of the flag. During the funeral ceremony, the flag may be used to cover the coffins of government officials, soldiers, signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, and persons designated by an act of the President; these flags are later folded and presented to the next of kin before internment.[3] When flying the Lithuanian flag with other flags, the following is the correct order of precedence: The national flag, the historical (state) flag, flags of foreign states, the flag of the European Union, international NGOs, the presidential standard, military and government standards, county flags, city flags and any others. When foreign flags are used alongside the Lithuanian flag, the flags are sorted according to their countries' names in the Lithuanian language. The only exception is when the congress or meeting held in Lithuanian dictates a different language to be used for sorting. The European Union flag has been hoisted since Lithuania became a member of the organization. While not mentioned by name in the law, the flag of NATO can be used in Lithuania, since it belongs to that organization as well. It is also common to fly the flags of Estonia and Latvia during certain occasions, mainly the celebration of independence of the three Baltic states. The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the National Flag and Other Flags governs the rules, use, protocol and manufacturing of the national and other flags used inside the country.[3] [编辑] National flag daysAs part of the flag protocol, the daily display of the Lithuanian flag is encouraged, but is strongly encouraged or legally required on the following days:[9][3]
Apart from these days, the flag is flown at election polling sites. The national government, under Article 4, Section 7 of the flag law, is given the authority to call for the display of the national flag and to determine special conditions, such as marking for mourning.[3] [编辑] Other Lithuanian flags
而1992年時，立陶宛的海軍軍旗正式啟用。這面旗的背景為白色，並配上一個藍十字圖案。在這面旗的左上方繪有立陶宛的國旗。The ensign has a white background charged with a blue cross, with the national flag in the canton. The width of each cross is 1/7 of the total width of the ensign, with the ratio being 1:2.[10] Historically, this flag was used as the ensign of the Kaunas Yacht Club, but with a different ratio of 2:3.[11] The naval jack consists of a white field, charged with a blue anchor covered by the naval badge of Lithuania. The badge consists of the Columns of Gediminas in yellow on a red disc. A masthead pennant have been adopted by the Lithuanian Navy to use on their ships. The President of Lithuania was officially given a standard by the Seimas in 1993. The standard is the State Emblem of Lithuania charged in the center on a single-color background. Under state law, the background color is stated as purple, but the color used in practice is dark red. The ratio of the standard is 1:1.2.[12] Each county of Lithuania has adopted a flag, each of them conforming to a pattern: a blue rectangle, with ten instances of the Cross of Vytis appearing in gold, acts as a fringe to the central feature of the flag, which is chosen by the county itself. Most of the central designs were adapted from the counties' coat of arms.[13] [编辑] References
[编辑] 外部連結
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
