萊頓大學
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
現今萊頓大學擁有9個學院、超過50個系以及150個以上的(系)所。並且有超過40個國家級或國際級研究機構在本校設立。
[编辑] 校內機構
本大學沒有中央校園；所有建築散布在城市各處。有些建築非常老舊，例如Gravensteen (現為萊頓的國際辦公室)；而有些很有現代感，如Lipsius以及Gorlaeus。本大學分為9個學院，其中包含了約50個系以及超過100個以上的研究所。
創作及表演藝術學院是由萊頓大學、Royal Conservatory以及Royal Academy for Art合作創建的。本大學沒有經濟學、商學與管理學院，因為這些年來這類課程被認為不符合本大學的傳統。然而，2002年創立了萊頓管理學校(LUSM)，提供6個專業MBA課程。此課程只維持四年，也就是2006年所有管理課程都被取消。然而萊頓管理學校發展了其他商業管理活動，使得他們與大學內的學院關係更密切。現在他們與數學學院合作提供理學碩士學位：商業信息通信技術專業。 [编辑] 歷史
In 1575 Prince William of Orange presided over one of the few realms in Europe which did not have any universities. The scientific renaissance had begun to highlight the importance of academic study, and so Prince William founded the first Dutch university in Leiden as a reward for the heroic defence of Leiden against Spanish attacks in the previous year. Ironically, the name of Philip II of Spain, William's adversary, appears on the official foundation certificate, as he was still the de jure Count of Holland. It is traditionally said that the citizens of Leiden were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes, and that the citizens believed that a tax law could be rescinded, whereas the great universities of Europe had survived for many centuries. Originally located in the convent of St Barbara, the university moved to the convent of the White Nuns in 1581, a site which it still occupies, though the original building was destroyed in 1616. The presence within half a century of the date of its foundation of such scholars as Justus Lipsius, Joseph Scaliger, Franciscus Gomarus, Hugo Grotius, Jacobus Arminius, Daniel Heinsius and Gerhard Johann Vossius, at once raised Leiden university to the highest European fame, a position which the learning and reputation of Jacobus Gronovius, Herman Boerhaave, Tiberius Hemsterhuis and David Ruhnken, among others, enabled it to maintain down to the end of the 18th century. At the end of the nineteenth century, Leiden University again became one of Europe's leading universities. At the world’s first university low-temperature laboratory, professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes achieved temperatures of only one degree above absolute zero of -273 degrees Celsius. In 1908 he was also the first to succeed in liquifying helium and can be credited with the discovery of the superconductivity in metals. Kamerlingh Onnes was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913. Three other professors received the Nobel Prize for their research performed at Universiteit Leiden: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman received the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work in the field of optical and electronic phenomena, and the physiologist Willem Einthoven for his invention of the string galvanometer, which among other things, enabled the development of electrocardiography. These Nobel prize winners, but also the physicists Albert Einstein and Paul Ehrenfest, the Arabist and Islam expert Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, the law expert Cornelis van Vollenhoven and historian Johan Huizinga, were among those who pushed the university into a place of international prominence during the 1920s and 1930s. In 2005 the manuscript of Einstein on the quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas (the Einstein-Bose condensation) was discovered in one of Leiden's libraries.[2] At present, Leiden has a firmly established international position among the top research institutes in many fields, including the natural sciences, medicine, social and behavioural sciences, law, arts and letters. Of the twenty-eight Spinoza awards (the highest scientific award of The Netherlands), seven were granted to professors of the Universiteit Leiden. Literary historian Frits van Oostrom was the first professor of Leiden to be granted the Spinoza award for his work on developing the NLCM centre (Dutch literature and culture in the Middle Ages) into a top research centre. Other Spinoza award winners are linguist Frits Kortlandt, mathematician Hendrik Lenstra and Carlo Beenakker, who works his field of mesoscopic physics. Among other leading professors are Ewine van Dishoeck, professor of astronomy at Leiden Observatory, professor of transplantation biology Els Goulmy, Frits Rosendaal, professor of clinical epidemiology, Wim Blockmans, professor of Medieval History, and Willem Adelaar, professor of Amerindian Languages. The portraits of many famous professors since the earliest days hang in the university aula, one of the most memorable places, as Niebuhr called it, in the history of science. The University Library, which has more than 3.5 million books and fifty thousand journals, also has a number of special collections of western and oriental manuscripts, printed books, archives, maps, and atlases. Scholars from all over the world visit Leiden University Library. The research activities of the Scaliger Institute concentrate on the various aspects of the transmission of knowledge and ideas through texts and images from antiquity to the present day. Among the institutions affiliated with the university are The KITLV or Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (founded in 1851), the observatory 1633; the natural history museum, with a very complete anatomical cabinet; the museum of antiquities (Museum van Oudheden), with specially valuable Egyptian and Indian departments; a museum of Dutch antiquities from the earliest times; and three ethnographical museums, of which the nucleus was P. F. von Siebold's Japanese collections. The anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are modern, and the museums of geology and mineralogy have been restored. The Hortus Botanicus (botanical garden) is the oldest botanical garden in the Netherlands. Plants from all over the world have been carefully cultivated here by experts for more than four centuries. The Clusius garden (a reconstruction), the 18th century Orangery with its monumental tub plants, the rare collection of historical trees hundreds of years old, the Japanese Von Siebold Memorial Garden symbolising the historical link between East and West, the tropical greenhouses with their world class plant collections, and the central square and Conservatory exhibiting exotic plants from South Africa and southern Europe. Research at Leiden is well developed. There are many university research institutes and Leiden participates in over forty nation-wide research schools, twelve of which being located in the heart of Leiden. [编辑] 教學[编辑] 本科生課程該校大部分科系本身皆有提供學位課程。本科生的課程通向文學士、理學士或法學士學位。惟該校不提供其它如工學士或美術學士之類的學位。
[编辑] 研究生課程學生可選擇各種研究所課程，上述本科課程的大部分都可以由一般的或專業的碩士課程接續。萊頓大學提供超過一百種研究所課程，通向文學碩士、理學碩士、哲學碩士或法學碩士。哲學碩士是一種特別的研究學位，僅發予校內少數幾個系所（主要在藝術、社會科學、考古學、哲學與神學領域）。這些課程的入學門檻甚高，主要針對有志於學術工作的學生。 以下是一些最著名的研究生課程：
[编辑] 博士班課程此外，大部分科系與附屬研究機構都提供博士課程或博士生職位，由此可指向博士學位。該校的大部分博士課程集中於幾個研究所或研究機構。 [编辑] 研究機構萊頓大學擁有超過五十個研究機構，其中有些完全隸屬於該校的某個學院，其餘則是院際或校際機構。大部分荷蘭學者都與其中某些機構相關。
[编辑] 校友與其他與本校相關人士
[编辑] 外部連結
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