香港1970年代
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
[编辑] 背景
在1970年代，1898年制定的展拓香港界址專條的期限只剩20多年，意味著英方即將需要交還界限街以北的新界地區及235個大小島嶼予中國。當時的港督麥理浩到訪北京，開始跟中方領袖商議香港的前途。 英方曾經預想延長租借新界的可行性，從而解決一直以來的問題。但是，現實跟想像是兩回事，經過多輪商議後，英方延長租地期限的願望落空，取而代之的是與中方合作開始制定一個將香港交還中國的時間表。 [编辑] 人口在1971年，香港的估算人口是400萬[1][2]這一年標記着香港在生育率及出生率下滑的開始。然而，由於社會普遍瞭解到在這時期的人口增長不會再保持如1950年代及1960年代的快速，這下滑的統計並未引起大眾的關注。 [编辑] 文化[编辑] 十進制
十進制在1970年代開始在全香港推廣：一方面，政府透過電視廣告向市民宣傳。例如早期的「一米等於三呎三」的廣告，又或者像《歡樂今宵》節目裡透過讓小朋友進行十進制歌曲的歌唱比賽等，讓市民大眾對十進制的基本度量衡單位「米」、「升」及「千克」有更深入的認識。為了向大眾市民營造「十進制是先進社會所採用的度量衡單位」的氣氛，政府更使用了「千祈咪落伍」（千萬不要落伍）來作為十進制推廣活動的口號。 然而，由於當時社會仍有很多機會使用其他制式的度量衡，所以當時的小學教科書依然有教授英美制式及中國傳統的度量衡，當中以重量更為甚。中學及大專的教科書若已轉用十進制的，都會在封面標明。 事實上，直到現在，香港的街市仍有使用庫平兩作單位，而日常提及人的重量，亦集慣使用磅而非公斤；胸圍的尺碼依然以英寸為主而不是日本式的厘米。不過，在日常交通、燃油賣買及工程估算等各種工作裡，十進制的使用在1980年代已經成為了主流。 [编辑] 教育1971年，政府推出六年免費強逼小學教育，並於1978年推廣至中三程度[3]。在這之前，香港的小學畢業生都要參加小學會考，以取得學歷的確認，以便投身社會工作。自從六年強逼小學教育推行後，小學會考被升中試取代，作為升讀中學的競爭準則。到九年強逼教育推行後，升中試為學能測驗所取代，並於中三設立「中三淘汰試」，以飾選適合升讀高中教育的學生。 另一方面，由於社會經濟發展，香港的公司開始因為要開展複雜的大計而要聘請更多高學歷的僱員。根據統計，在1962年到1976年間前往海外升學的學生有72%願意畢業後返回香港發展[4]。 [编辑] 本地娛樂1975年9月7日，佳藝電視成立，成為了繼麗的電視及無綫電視之後香港的第三家電視台，為香港的電視廣播事業帶來競爭。由於未能在市場中站穩陣腳，佳視在三年後的1978年8月22日因為週轉不靈而倒閉。 1970年代是香港的廣播事業踏入每日新聞廣播的第一個十年。在這第一個十年，新聞節目一直都佔據十大收視的排名榜內。至於收視榜內的另一個比重較大的節目時段是長篇電視劇。在當時，一般的電視劇都有約80至120集，在當時的黃金時間，即晚上7時播映，每晚都能吸引約66%的電視觀眾定時收看，總計約2~3百萬人。每當這些長篇電視劇播放大結局時，不論是街上或酒樓都不會有人逗留，為求趕返家中收看電視劇的大結局。這亦間接促使香港的食飾後來在1980年代開始安裝電視，以挽會晚間的食客。[5]而當時的電視劇主題曲亦幫助粵語流行曲的重生。 [编辑] 外地娛樂Image:UltramanDVD.jpg
Foreign entertainment translated for HK mainstream
香港處於地理及文化的十字路口．香港樂壇吸引了很多西方歌手如埃爾維斯·皮禮士利和披頭四出現．日本來的玩具透過不同的船運來到香港．But the first big waves of Japanese products with staying power in the market place were mainly super robot toys. Gordian Warrior and Baxinger were some that were commonly available. 1975年，日本的咸蛋超人卡通片於香港首播。小童都為此著迷。他們模仿一些角色在天上飛的姿態，但因而受傷。Two kids (aged 3½ and 4½) attempted a flight jumping off a 7 story building in Kowloon City on July 26, 1975. The younger brother was killed on the spot, while the elder was miraculously saved. The broadcast of the series was suspended for some time after the accident. [编辑] 電影武俠電影先由1971年上畫，一代武打巨星李小龍所主演的《唐山大兄》及《精武門》帶起，於過後的數年更大受歡迎。1970年代，除了外語電影和華語電影外，港產電影也開始興起；當中以1976年上畫，由許冠文執導的《半斤八兩》，更是香港電影票房之冠。 [编辑] 天然災害1971年8月，颱風露絲襲港，為本港帶來嚴重破壞，天文台於8月16日需發出十號風球。露絲襲港期間，並導致110人死亡，286人受傷，5664人無家可歸，此外亦有653間房屋及24幢大樓在颱風中受損，其中6間屋更無法復修。[6]. 1979年8月，颱風荷貝直吹香港，但登陸前的風速已減弱至150mph。 1972年6月18日，連場大雨導致秀茂坪及港島半山區發生嚴重山泥傾瀉及泥石流事故。其中旭龢道的山泥傾瀉，塌下的山泥更把一幢12高的住宅大廈推至倒塌。兩宗事故共導致超過150人死亡，110人受傷，超過5000人無家可歸。 [编辑] 社會秩序[编辑] 打擊貪污70年代是香港貪污猖獗的時代，是香港日常生活的一部分，是政府部門的常規。警察在偵查罪案前，或者消防員在救人滅火前，常常以茶錢為名來榨取賄款。Many Chinese detective superintendents amassed incredible wealth from their corrupt dealings with triads and corporations. Their names have been seared into the memories of the older generations, their stories adapted into several popular movies such as To be Number One (跛豪) in 1991. That is not to say British officers were entirely clean in their dealings. In 1974, Hong Kong Governor Lord MacLehose of Beoch, realizing the seriousness of the problem, founded the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). The investigations and arrests of many police officers created a furor among the police, who protested against the ICAC and even tried to overrun the headquarters in one protest. The governor, who was afraid of a police strike or even a rebellion, at last issued a pardon, preventing arrests in cases committed before a certain date. However, the pardon was not extended to higher-level detective superintendents. Those high-level Chinese officers, famous for their riches, left for exile to Taiwan with no extradition treaties with Hong Kong. The efforts of the ICAC in time changed the habits of an entire population and turned Hong Kong into one of the least corrupt cities in the world. [编辑] 政治[编辑] 保釣聯盟（Defend Diaoyutai Islands campaigns）In 1970, the American government returned the sovereignty of Ryukyu Islands and Diaoyutai Islands to Japan. The act stirred up campaigns for defending the Diaoyutai Islands among Chinese societies all around the world. The "Hong Kong Federation of Students" (香港專上學生聯會) requested a protest at Victoria Park in Causeway Bay on July 7, 1971. Having been frightened by the 1967 riot, the police tried to prevent the protest. Unnecessary violence erupted, leading to the arrests of students. The media criticized the violation of democracy. The British police officers involved were sent back to the UK and went unpunished. Protests concerning the defence of Diaoyutai Islands continued to be held the following months. [编辑] 經濟
[编辑] 製造Many factors contribute to the decline of manufacturing. The late 1970s saw an increase in land prices. Real estate became the new business. Land originally reserved for factories were now converted to houses or shopping malls. Along with the opening up of global trade in China via the 1978 economic reform, factories were gradually re-located to the mainland for even cheaper labor. At the same time Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan underwent similar developments to those of Hong Kong. The competitiveness of manufacturing similar products led to protectionism to shelter local companies. As a result there were less demands for Hong Kong goods. [编辑] 房地產To improve the quality of public housing and relieve overcrowded conditions, the government announced the Ten-year Housing Program (十年建屋計劃) in 1972, with the goal of providing quality housing for 1.8 millions people in 10 years. The Hong Kong Housing Authority was thus formed to spearhead the program. The government also introduced the Home Ownership Scheme (居者有其屋計劃) in 1976, building houses and selling them at below-market prices to help people own property. [编辑] 最新出現的——商業香港首間超級市場——惠康， 於1970的中環開設首間分店. 當時的香港人對這個由西方帶來的事物感到新奇，並將之稱為「鬼佬市場」，但他們都漸漸地接受了。在大約1975年，大家可以在香港找到多於200間大大小小的超級市場。These new stores eliminated most traditional 米舖、 辦館 and 士多. Wellcome and PARKnSHOP didn't take long to capture the market. The front and fullpage ads of these two mega franchises aided in their increase in popularity where smaller traditional stores couldn't. The first McDonald's restaurant opened on Paterson Street, Causeway Bay in 1975[7]. [编辑] 基礎建設工程
香港首條地下鐵路－香港地鐵在1979年正式通車。該段路線為東九龍市民服務，由石硤尾到觀塘。In December services were extended to Tsim Sha Tsui and by 1980 it was possible to ride from Kwun Tong to the central business district in Central on the other side of the harbour on Hong Kong Island. The Cross-Harbour Tunnel, the first underwater tunnel in Hong Kong, opened in 1972. For the first time in the region's history, people could travel between Hong Kong and Kowloon without taking ferries. As a result, small electrical boats like sampans (小電船) were gradually eliminated. [编辑] 金融People grew richer entering the 1970s. Not surprisingly, people started to look for some means of investment. The passing of Banking Ordinance of 1964 would begin the tightening up of banks. A minimum capital of HKD $5 million and liquidity ratio of 25% and limitation on loans and investments became the new requirements to open a legit institution[8]. People began to have more trust in their banks, and the accumulation of savings led to people's willingness to invest. Soon the stock rush began. New stocks were on sale every day; brokerage houses mushroomed; some people quit their own jobs to become full-time investors, suffering a kind of urban disease which the doctors simply named "stock illness". It is said that the investors during this period numbered to 500,000. The Hang Seng Index kept soaring, but not for long. Partly thanks to the foreign manipulators, the Stock market crashed, in March 1973. Many people were left bankrupted. Urban legend had it that the Castle Peak psychiatric hospitals became full-house once the market crashed. The Hong Kong economy recovered only slowly over the next few years. In 1976 a "Deposit-taking Companies Ordinance" was also passed to enforce non-licensed bank institutions to register with the government. A minimum paid up capital requirement of HKD $2.5 million was also required[9]. The strategy was to mirror the Deposit Trust concept in the U.S. [编辑] 資源As a result of the water shutdown by mainland China during the Cultural Revolution riots in Hong Kong, the government responded with a desalination plant at Lok On Pai, Castle Peak in 1975. The High Island Reservoir construction went from 1969 to 1979, and was expected to be the same size as Plover Cove. The construction, contracted by a Japanese company cost more than HKD $400 million[10]. [编辑] 其他Tsang Tsou Choi, or the "Kowloon Emperor", began his career of calligraphy graffiti in 1970. [编辑] References
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